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UNIVERSIT!  ARCHIVES 


University  of  California  •  Berkeley 


DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR 
BUREAU  OF  EDUCATION 


BULLETIN,  1918.  No.  13 


THE  LAND  GRANT  OF- 1862 

AND  THE  LAND-GRANT 

COLLEGES 


BY 


BENJ.  F.  ANDREWS 

SPECIALIST  IN  LAND-GRANT  COLLEGE  STATISTICS 
BUREAU  OF  EDUCATION 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1918 


BtfLLETIff  OP  THE  BUREAU  OP  EDUCATION. 

NOTE.— With  the  exceptions  indicated,  the  documents  named  below  will  be  sent  free  of  charge  upon 
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A  complete  list  of  available  publications  wfll  be  sent  upon  application. 

1917. 


*No.    1.  Monthly  record  of  current  educational  publications,  January,  1917.    5  cts. 

*No.    2.  Reorganization  of  English,  in  secondary  schools.    A  report  of  the  Commis- 
sion on  Secondary  Education.    James  F.  Hosic.    20  cts. 

*No.    3.  Pine-needle  basketry  in  schools.    William  C.  A.  Hammel.    5  cts. 

No.   4.  Secondary  agricultural  schools  in  Russia.    W.  S.  Jesien. 

*No.    5.  Keport  of  an  inquiry  into  the  administration  and  support  of  the  Colorado 
school  system.    Katharine  M.  Cook  and  A.  C.  Monahan,    10  cts. 

No.    6   Educative  and  economic  possibilities  of  school-directed  home  gardening 
in  Richmond,  Ind.    J.  L.  Randall. 

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No.    8.  Current  practice  in  city  school  administration.    W.  S.  Deffenbaugh. 

No.    9.  Department-store  education.    Helen  R.  Norton. 

No.  10.  Development  of  arithmetic  as  a  school  subject.    W.  S.  Monroe. 

No.  11.  Higher  technical  education  in  foreign  countries.    A.  T.  Smith  and  W.  S. 
Jesien. 

No.  12.  Monthly  record  of  current  educational  publications,  March,  1917. 

No.  13.  Monthly  record  of  current  educational  publications,  April,  1917. 

*No.  14.  A  graphic  survey  of  book  publication,  1890-1916.    F.  E,.  Woodward.    5  cts. 

No.  15.  Studies  in  higher  education  in  Ireland  and  Wales.    Geo.  E.  MacLean. 

No.  16.  Studies  in  higher  education  in  England  and  Scotland.    Geo.  E.  MacLean. 

No.  17.  Accredited  higher  institutions.    S.  P.  Capen. 

*No.  18.  History  of  public-school  education  in  Delaware.    S.  B.  Weeks.    20  cts. 

No.  19.  Report  of  a  survey  of  the  University  of  Nevada. 

No.  20.  Work  of  school  children  during  out-of-school  hours.    C.  D.  Jarvis. 

No.  21.  Monthly  record  of  current  educational  publications,  May,  1917. 

No.  22.  Money  value  of  education.    A.  Caswell  Ellis. 
*No.  23.  Three  short  courses  in  home  making.    Carrie  A.  Lyford.    15  cts. 

No.  24.  Monthly  record  of  current  educational  publications — Index,  Feb.,  1916-Jan.; 
1917. 

No.  25.  Military  training  of  youths  of  school  age  in  foreign  countries.    W.  S.  Jesien. 

No.  26.  Garden  clubs  in  the  schools  of  Englewood,  N.  J.    Charles  0.  Smith. 

No.  27.  Training  of  teachers  of  mathematics  for  secondary  schools.    R.  C.  Archibald. 

No.  28.  Monthly  record  of  current  educational  publications,  June,  1917. 

No.  29.  Practice  teaching  for  secondary  school  teachers.    A.  R.  Mead. 

No.  30.  School  extension  statistics,  1915-16.    Clarence  A.  Ferry. 

No.  31.  Rural-teacher  preparation  in  county  training  schools  and  high  schools.  H.W. 
Foght. 

No.  32.  Work  of  the  Bureau  of  Education  for  the  natives  of  Alaska,  1915-16. 

No.  33.  A  comparison  of  the  salaries  of  rural  and  urban  superintendents  of  schools. 
A.  C.  Monahan  and  C.  H.  Dye. 

No.  34.  Institutions  in  the  United  States  giving  instruction  in  agriculture.    A.  C. 
Monahan  and  C.  H.  Dye. 

[Continued  on  page  3  of  cover.} 


DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR 

BUREAU  OF  EDUCATION 


BULLETIN,  1918,  No.  13 


THE  LAND  GRANT  OF  1862 

AND  THE  LAND-GRANT 

COLLEGES 


BY 


BENJ.  F.  ANDREWS 

SPECIALIST  IN  LAND-GRANT  COLLEGE  STATISTICS 
BUREAU  OF  EDUCATION 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1918 


ADDITIONAL  COPIES 

OF  THIS  PUBLICATION  MAY  BE  PROCUBED  FROM 

THE  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  DOCUMENTS 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

AT 

10  CENTS  PER  COPY 


CONTENTS, 


Page. 

Letter  of  transmittal 5 

Acknowledgments 6 

Morrill  Land-Grant  Act  of  1862 7 

Act  of  1864,  to  extend  the  time  for  accepting  the  grant 9 

Act  of  1866,  extending  the  time  within  which  agricultural  colleges  may  be 

established 9 

Act  of  1883,  amending  section  4  of  the  act  of  1862 9 

Grants  to  the  several  States  and  disposal  of  them 10 

Alabama 11 

Arizona — Arkansas 12 

California 13 

Colorado — Connecticut 14 

Delaware — Florida 15 

Georgia 16 

Idaho — Illinois 17 

Indiana 18 

Iowa — Kansas — Kentucky 19 

Louisiana 20 

Maine — Maryland 22 

Massachusetts 23 

Michigan 24 

Minnesota 25 

Mississippi 26 

Missouri 28 

Montana 29 

Nebraska 31 

Nevada 32 

New  Hampshire — New  Jersey 34 

New  Mexico — New  York 35 

North  Carolina 36 

North  Dakota 38 

Ohio , 39 

Oklahoma 40 

Oregon 41 

Pennsylvania. .  - 42 

Rhode  Island 43 

South  Carolina 44 

South  Dakota 46 

Tennessee 47 

Texas 48 

Utah 49 

Vermont — Virginia 50 

Washington 51 

West  Virginia 52 

Wisconsin 53 

Wyoming 54 

General  discussion 56 

Lands  and  scrip 58 

Colleges 59 

Tables  of  the  land-grant  colleges  and  the  1862  land-grant  fund  as  of  June  30, 1914 .  60 

3 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR, 

BUREAU  OF  EDUCATION, 
Washington,  June  23,  1917. 

SIR:  The  act  of  July  2,  1862,  " donating  public  lands  to  the  several 
States  and  Territories  which  may  provide  colleges  for  the  benefit  of 
agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts,"  led  to  the  establishment  of  a 
group  of  higher  institutions,  at  least  one  in  each  State,  having  direct 
relations  with  the  Federal  Government  and  dedicated  to  a  common 
purpose.  The  purpose  as  stated  in  the  act  was  "the  promotion  of 
the  liberal  and  practical  education  of  the  industrial  classes."  As 
translated  in  institutional  practice  it  has  meant  the  professional 
training  of  men  and  women  in  agriculture,  home  economics,  and 
various  branches  of  engineering. 

In  most  of  the  fields  in  which  these  colleges  now  give  training, 
however,  there  was  not  in  1862  an  organized  body  of  scientific  knowl- 
edge sufficient  to  furnish  working  material  for  courses  such  as  higher 
institutions  are  expected  to  give.  Before  the  common  purpose  which 
has  informed  these  colleges  could  be  partially  realized,  it  has  been 
necessary  by  research  and  experimentation  to  develop  several  sci- 
ences and  to  organize  the  applications  of  them  into  scientific  pro- 
fessional curricula.  The  land-grant  colleges  have  contributed  largely 
to  the  accomplishment  of  these  things.  Their  efforts  have  led  to  the 
establishment  of  several  new  professions,  to  the  stimulation  of  new 
achievement  in  both  the  great  industrial  fields  to  which  they  minister, 
to  the  higher  training  of  numerous  young  persons  who  could  not  or 
would  not  have  sought  it  in  the  older  channels,  and  to  the  profound 
modification  of  both  the  doctrine  and  the  content  of  higher  education 
throughout  the  country.  The  influence  which  these  colleges  have 
had  on  the  development  of  American  life  is  perhaps  the  most  far- 
reaching  influence  that  has  come  from  any  educational  source  in  the 
half  century  since  the  passage  of  the  land-grant  act.  Taken  together, 
these  institutions  represent  America's  most  distinctive  contribution 
to  higher  educational  theory  and  practice. 

Now  that  the  position  of  the  land-grant  colleges  has  become  so 
plain,  it  is  of  special  interest  that  all  important  matters  relating  to 
their  history  and  their  contemporaneous  status  should  be  recorded. 
One  of  the  obscure  chapters  in  the  history  of  these  institutions  has 
been  the  disposition  made  by  the  various  States  of  the  original  land 
grant  of  1862,  which  provided  for  the  establishment  of  the  institu- 
tions. I  have,  therefore,  requested  Mr.  Benjamin  F.  Andrews,  spe- 
cialist in  land-grant  college  statistics,  to  investigate  this  question. 
The  document  submitted  herewith  contains  the  result  of  his  re- 
searches. I  recommend  its  publication  as  a  bulletin  of  the  Bureau 
of  Education. 

Respectfully  submitted.  P.  P.  CLAXTON, 

Commissioner. 
The  SECRETARY  OF  THE  INTEROR.  K 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 


In  compiling  the  foregoing  history  acknowledgment  is  made  of  the 
following  aids  and  authorities: 

Publications  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Education,  especially 
the  annual  reports  of  land-grant  colleges,  circulars  of  information, 
histories  of  education  in  the  various  States,  and  Bulletin,  1905,  No. 
348,  (i  General  Laws  Relating  to  Agricultural  and  Mechanical 
Colleges." 

Annual  reports  and  catalogues  from  the  land-grant  colleges  from 
1862  to  1916,  inclusive. 

Reports  of  State  land  boards,  auditors,  treasurers,  comptrollers, 
and  other  State  officials. 

''History  of  the  Agricultural  College  Land  Grant  of  July  2,  1862."— 
Halliday  and  Finch. 

"Federal  and  State  Aid  to  Higher  Education." — Blackmar. 

"National  Legislation  Concerning  Education." — Gerrnann. 

"Forty  Years  of  the  University  of  Minnesota." — E.  Bird  Johnson. 

"History  of  the  University  of  Arkansas." — Reynolds  and  Thomas. 

"History  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina." — K.  B.  Battle. 

"History  of  Reconstruction,  Why  the  Solid  South." — Herbert. 

Session  laws  and  codes  of  the  various  States  and  of 'the  United 
States. 

Thanks  are  due  to  Mr.  L.  A.  Kalbach,  former  specialist  in  land- 
grant  college  statistics  and  later  chief  clerk  of  the  Bureau  of  Educa- 
tion, for  much  timely  assistance  from  his  invaluable  experience,  and 
also  to  those  State  and  college  officers  who  have  taken  time  and 
trouble  to  seek  out  and  forward  special  information  and  statistics 
and  to  aid  with  advice  and  suggestions. 

BENJ.  F.  ANDREWS, 

Specialist  in  Land-Grant  CoWjye  Statistic*. 


THE  LAND  GRANT  OF  1862  AND  THE  LAND -GRANT 

COLLEGES. 


MORKILL  IAND-GRANT  ACT  OF  1862. 

AN  ACT  Donating  public  lands  to  the  several  States  and  Territories  which  may  provide  colleges  for  the 
benefit  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States  of  America 
in  Congress  assembled,  That  there  be  granted  to  the  several  States,  for  the  purposes 
hereinafter  mentioned,  an  amount  of  public  land,  to  be  apportioned  to  each  State  a 
quantity  equal  to  30,000  acres  for  each  Senator  and  Representative  in  Congress  to 
which  the  States  are  respectively  entitled  by  the  apportionment  under  the  census 
of  1860:  Provided,  That  no  mineral  lands  shall  be  selected  or  purchased  under  the 
provisions  of  this  act. 

SEC.  2.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  land  aforesaid,  after  being  surveyed, 
shall  be  apportioned  to  the  several  States  in  sections  or  subdivisions  of  sections,  not 
less  than  one-quarter  of  a  section;  and  wherever  there  are  public  lands  in  a  State 
subject  to  sale  at  private  entry  at  $1.25  per  acre,  the  quantity  to  which  said  State 
shall  be  entitled  shall  be  selected  from  such  lands  within  the  limits  of  such  State; 
and  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  hereby  directed  to  issue  to  each  of  the  States  in 
which  there  is  not  the  quantity  of  public  lands  subject  to  sale  at  private  entry  at 
$1.25  per  acre  to  which  said  State  may  be  entitled  under  the  provisions  of  this  act 
land  scrip  to  the  amount  in  acres  for  the  deficiency  of  its  distributive  share,  said  scrip 
to  be  sold  by  said  States  and  the  proceeds  thereof  applied  to  the  uses  and  purposes 
prescribed  in  this  act,  and  for  no  other  use  or  purpose  whatsoever:  Provided,  That 
in  no  case  shall  any  State  to  which  land  scrip  may  thus  be  issued  be  allowed  to  locate 
the  same  within  the  limits  of  any  other  State  or  of  any  Territory  of  the  United  States; 
but  their  assignees  may  thus  locate  said  land  scrip  upon  any  of  the  unappropriated 
lands  of  the  United  States  subject  to  sale  at  private  entry  at  $1.25  or  less  an  acre: 
And  provided  further,  That  not  more  than  one  million  acres  shall  be  located  by  such 
assignees  in  any  one  of  the  States:  And  provided  further ,  That  no  such  location  shall 
be  made  before  one  year  from  the  passage  of  this  act. 

SEC.  3.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  all  the  expenses  of  management,  superin- 
tendence, and  taxes  from  date  of  selection  of  said  lands  previous  to  their  sales  and 
all  expenses  incurred  in  the  management  and  disbursement  of  moneys  which  may  be 
received  therefrom  shall  be  paid  by  the  States  to  which  they  may  belong,  out  of  the 
treasury  of  said  States,  so  that  the  entire  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  said  lands  shall  be 
applied,  without  any  diminution  whatever,  to  the  purposes  hereinafter  mentioned. 

SEC.  4.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  all  moneys  derived  from  the  sale  of  the  lands 
aforesaid  by  the  States  to  which  the  lands  are  apportioned,  and  from  the  sales  of  land 
scrip  hereinbefore  provided  for,  shall  be  invested  in  stocks  of  the  United  States  or 
of  the  States,  or  some  other  safe  stocks,  yielding  not  less  than  5  per  centum  upon  the 
par  value  of  said  stocks;  and  that  the  moneys  so  invested  shall  constitute  a  perpetual 
fund,  the  capital  of  which  shall  remain  forever  undiminished,  except  so  far  as  may 
be  provided  in  section  filth  of  this  act,  and  the  interest  of  which  shall  be  inviolably 
appropriated  by  each  State  which  may  take  and  claim  the  benefit  of  this  act  to  the 

7 


8  THE    LAND   GRANTS   AND    THE    LAND-GRANT    COLLEGES. 

endowment,  support,  and  maintenance  of  at  least  one  college,  where  the  leading 
object  shall  be,  without  excluding  other  scientific  and  classical  studies  and  including 
military  tactics,  to  teach  such  branches  of  learning  as  are  related  to  agriculture  and 
the  mechanic  arts  in  such  manner  as  the  legislatures  of  the  States  may  respectively 
prescribe  in  order  to  promote  the  liberal  and  practical  education  of  the  industrial 
classes  in  the  several  pursuits  and  professions  in  life. 

SEC.  5.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  grant  of  land  and  land  scrip  hereby  author- 
ized shall  be  made  on  the  following  conditions,  to  which,  as  well  as  to  the  provisions 
hereinbefore  contained,  the  previous  assent  of  the  several  States  shall  be  signified 
by  legislative  acts: 

First.  If  any  portion  of  the  fund  invested  as  provided  by  the  foregoing  section,  or 
any  portion  of  the  interest  thereon,  shall  by  any  action  or  contingency  be  diminished 
or  lost>  it  shall  be  replaced  by  the  State  to  which  it  belongs,  so  that  the  capital  of  the 
fund  shall  remain  forever  undiminished ;  and  the  annual  interest  shall  be  regularly 
applied  without  diminution  to  the  purposes  mentioned  in  the  fourth  section  of  this 
act,  except  that  a  sum,  not  exceeding  10  per  centum  upon  the  amount  received  by 
any  State  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  may  be  expended  for  the  purchase  of  lands 
for  sites  or  experimental  farms  whenever  authorized  by  the  respective  legislatures 
of  said  States; 

Second.  No  portion  of  said  fund,  nor  the  interest  thereon,  shall  be  applied,  directly 
or  indirectly,  under  any  pretense  whatever  to  the  purchase,  erection,  preservation, 
or  repair  of  any  building  or  buildings; 

Third.  Any  State  which  may  take  and  claim  the  benefit  of  the  provisions  of  this 
act  shall  provide,  within  five  years,  at  least  not  less  than  one  college,  as  prescribed 
in  the  fourth  section  of  this  act,  or  the  grant  to  such  State  shall  cease;  and  said  State 
shall  be  bound  to  pay  the  United  States  the  amount  received  of  any  lands  previously 
sold,  and  that  the  title  to  purchasers  under  the  States  shall  be  valid; 

Fourth.  An  annual  report  shall  be  made  regarding  the  progress  of  each  college, 
recording  any  improvements  and  experiments  made,  with  their  costs  and  results, 
and  such  other  matters,  including  State  industrial  and  economical  statistics,  as  may 
be  supposed  useful;  one  copy  of  which  shall  be  transmitted  by  mail  free,  by  each,  to 
all  the  other  colleges  which  may  be  endowed  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and  also 
one  copy  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior; 

Fifth.  When  lands  shall  be  selected  from  those  which  have  been  raised  to  double 
the  minimum  price  in  consequence  of  railroad  grants,  they  shall  be  computed  to  the 
States  at  the  maximum  price,  and  the  number  of  acres  proportionally  diminished; 

Sixth.  No  State,  while  in  a  condition  of  rebellion  or  insurrection  against  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  United  States,  shall  be  entitled  to  the  benefit  of  this  act; 

Seventh.  No  State  shall  be  entitled  to  the  benefits  of  this  act  unless  it  shall  express 
its  acceptance  thereof  by  its  legislature  within  two  years  from  the  date  of  its  approval 
by  the  President. 

SEC.  6.  Arid  be  it  further  enacted,  That  land  scrip  issued  under  the  provisions  of  this 
act  shall  not  be  subject  to  location  until  after  the  first  day  of  January,  1863. 

SEC.  7.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  land  officers  shall  receive  the  same  fees  for 
locating  land  scrip  issued  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  as  are  now  allowed  for  the 
location  of  military  bounty  land  warrants  under  existing  laws:  Provided,  That  maxi- 
mum compensation  shall  not  be  thereby  increased. 

SEC.  8.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  governors  of  the  several  States  to  which 
scrip  shall  be  issued  under  this  act  shall  be  required  to  report  annually  to  Congress 
all  sales  made  of  such  scrip  until  the  whole  shall  be  disposed  of,  the  amount  received 
for  the  same,  and  what  appropriation  has  been  made  of  the  proceeds. 

Approved,  July  2,  1862.     (12  Stat.,  503.) 


THE    LAND   GRANTS   AND   THE    LAND-GRANT    COLLEGES.  9 

ACT  OF  1864,  TO  EXTEND  THE  TIME  FOR  ACCEPTING  THE 

GRANT. 

AN  ACT  Of  Congress  extending  the  time  within  which  the  States  and  Territories  may  accept  the  grant 
of  lands  made  by  the  act  entitled  "An  act  donating  public  lands  to  the  several  States  and  Territories 
which  may  provide  colleges  for  the  benefit  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts,"  approved  July  2, 1862. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States  of  America 
in  Congress  assembled: 

SECTION  1.  That  any  State  or  Territory  may  accept,  and  shall  be  entitled  to  the 
benefit  of  the  act  entitled  "An  act  donating  public  lands  to  the  several  States  and 
Territories  which  may  provide  colleges  for  the  benefit  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic 
arts,"  approved  July  2,  1862,  by  expressing  its  acceptance  thereof  as  provided  in  said 
act,  within  two  years  from  the  date  of  the  approval  of  this  act,  subject,  however,  to 
the  conditions  in  said  act  continued. 

SEC.  2.  And  it  is  further  enacted  that  the  benefit  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and 
of  the  said  act  approved  July  2,  1862,  be,  and  the  same  are  hereby,  extended  to  the 
State  of  West  Virginia. 

Approved,  April  14,  1864. 


ACT  OF  1866,  EXTENDING    THE  TIME  V7ITHIN  WHICH  AGRI- 
CULTURAL COLLEGES  MAY  BE  ESTABLISHED. 

AN  ACT  To  amend  the  fifth  section  of  an  act  entitled  "  An  act  donating  public  lands  to  the  several  States 
and  Territories  which  may  provide  colleges  for  the  benefit  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts,"  ap- 
proved July  2, 1862,  so  as  to  extend  the  time  within  which  the  provisions  of  said  act  shall  be  accepted 
and  such  colleges  established. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States  of  America 
in  Congress  assembled,  That  the  time  in  which  the  several  States  may  comply  with  the 
provisions  of  the  act  of  July  2,  1862,  entitled  "An  act  donating  public  lands  to  the 
several  States  and  Territories  which  may  provide  colleges  for  the  benefit  of  agriculture 
and  the  mechanic  arts, ' '  is  hereby  extended  so  that  the  acceptance  of  the  benefits  of 
the  said  act  may  be  expressed  within  three  years  from  the  passage  of  this  act,  and  the 
colleges  required  by  the  said  act  may  be  provided  within  five  years  from  the  date 
of  the  filing  of  such  acceptance  with  the  Commissioner  of  the  General  Land  Office: 
Provided,  That  when  any  Territory  shall  become  a  State  and  be  admitted  into  the 
Union  such  new  States  shall  be  entitled  to  the  benefits  of  the  said  act  of  July  2,  1862, 
by  expressing  the  acceptance  therein  required  within  three  years  from  the  date  of  its 
admission  into  the  Union,  and  providing  the  college  or  colleges  within  five  years  after 
such  acceptance,  as  prescribed  in  this  act:  Provided  further,  That  any  State  which 
has  heretofore  expressed  its  acceptance  of  the  act  herein  referred  to  shall  have  the 
period  of  five  years  within  which  to  provide  at  least  one  college,  as  described  in  the 
fourth  section  of  said  act,  after  the  time  for  providing  said  college,  according  to  the 
act  of  July  2,  1862,  shall  have  expired. 

Approved,  July  23,  1866.     (14  Stat.,  208.) 


ACT  OF  1883,  AMENDING  SECTION  4  OF  THE  ACT  OF  1862. 

AN  ACT  To  amend  an  act  donating  public  lands  to  the  several  States  and  Territories  which  may  provide 
colleges  for  the  benefit  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States  of  America 
in  Congress  assembled,  That  the  fourth  section  of  the  act  donating  public  lands  to  the 
several  States  and  Territories  which  may  provide  colleges  for  the  benefit  of  agricul- 
49782°— 18 2 


10  THE    LAND   CHANTS  AND   THE   LAND-GRANT   COLLEGES. 

ture  and  the  mechanic  arts,  approved  July  2,  1862,  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby, 
amended  so  as  to  read  as  follows: 

SEC.  4.  That  all  moneys  derived  from  the  sale  of  lands  aforesaid  by  the  States  to 
which  lands  are  apportioned,  and  from  the  sales  of  land  scrip  hereinbefore  provided 
for,  shall  be  invested  in  stocks  of  the  United  States  or  of  the  States,  or  some  other  safe 
stocks;  or  the  same  may  be  invested  by  the  States  having  no  State  stocks,  in  any  other 
manner  after  the  legislatures  of  such  States  shall  have  assented  thereto,  and  engaged 
that  such  funds  shall  yield  not  less  than  5  per  centum  upon  the  amount  so  invested 
and  that  the  principal  thereof  shall  forever  remain  unimpaired :  Provided,  That  the 
moneys  so  invested  or  loaned  shall  constitute  a  perpetual  fund,  the  capital  of  which 
shall  remain  forever  undiminished  (except  so  far  as  may  be  provided  in  section  5  of 
this  act),  and  the  interest  of  which  shall  be  inviolably  appropriated,  by  each  State 
which  may  take  and  claim  the  benefit  of  this  act,  to  the  endowment,  support,  and 
maintenance  of  at  least  one  college  where  the  leading  object  shall  be,  without  ex- 
cluding other  scientific  and  classical  studies,  and  including  military  tactics,  to 
teach  such  branches  of  learning  as  are  related  to  agriculture  and  the  mechanic 
arts,  in  such  manner  as  the  legislatures  of  the  States  may  respectively  prescribe, 
in  order  to  promote  the  liberal  and  practical  education  of  the  industrial  classes  in 
the  several  pursuits  and  professions  in  life. 

Approved,  March  3,  1883.     (22  Stat,  484.) 


The  act  of  Congress  of  July  2,  1862,  known  as  the  first  Morrill  Act, 
granted  to  each  State  30,000  acres  of  public  land  for  each  Senator 
and  Representative  in  Congress  to  which  the  State  was  entitled  by 
the  apportionment  under  the  census  of  1860;  all  money  derived  from 
the  sale  of  these  lands  was  to  be  invested  by  the  State  in  securities 
bearing  interest  at  not  less  than  5  per  cent  except  that  the  legislature 
of  the  State  might  authorize  the  use  of  not  more  than  10  per  cent  of 
the  capital  for  the  purchase  of  sites  for  the  college  or  experimental 
farms.  The  interest  was  to  be  used  for  the  endowment,  support, 
and  maintenance  of  at  least  one  college  where  the  leading  object 
should  be  to  teach  such  branches  of  learning  as  are  related  to  agri- 
culture and  the  mechanic  arts  in  order  to  promote  the  liberal  and 
practical  education  of  the  industrial  classes  in  the  several  pursuits 
and  professions  in  life.1 

Although  the  Territories  are  mentioned  in  the  title  of  the  act,  in 
the  act  itself  they  are  not  included;  consequently  the  grants  of  land 
were  received  only  by  the  States.  As  each  Territory  was  admitted 
to  statehood,  provision  was  made  in  its  enabling  act  for  a  grant  of 
land  for  agricultural  and  mechanical  colleges  in  lieu  of  the  original 
grant  of  1862;  so  that,  at  the  present  time,  only  Alaska,  Hawaii, 
Porto  Rico,  and  the  Philippine  Islands  do  not  participate  in  the 
grants  either  under  the  original  act  of  1862  or  under  later  acts  in 
lieu  of  it. 

i  A  very  complete  discussion  of  the  action  of  Congress  on  this  bill  and  on  other  bills  in  aid  of  colleges 
of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts  may  be  found  in  Bulletin  No.  10,  1917,  of  the  Carnegie  Foundation 
for  the  Advancement  of  Teaching,  "Federal  Aid  for  Vocational  Education,"  by  I.  L.  Kandel. 


THE    LAND   GRANTS  AND    THE    LAND-GRANT   COLLEGES.  11 

The  original  act  was  amended  three  times.  The  amendments  of 
April  14,  1864,  and  July  23,  1866,  extended  to  July  23,  1871,  the  time 
in  which  States  could  accept  the  provisions  of  the  original  act.  The 
third  amendment,  March  3,  1883,  permitted  the  investment  of  the 
capital  derived  from  the  sale  of  lands  in  a  greater  variety  of  stocks 
and  bonds  than  was  permitted  by  the  original  act. 

The  distribution  of  land  was  made  in  two  ways.  Those  States 
that  had  public  lands  within  their  borders  could  locate  and  take  up 
the  actual  acres.  If  the  State  had  no  lands  within  its  borders  sub- 
ject to  entry,  then  land  scrip  was  issued  to  it;  the  land  represented 
by  such  scrip  could  not  be  located  by  the  State  receiving  it,  but  the 
act  provided  that  the  scrip  be  sold  and  that  the  individual  purchaser 
might  locate  the  lands  in  any  State  that  had  public  land  subject  to 
entry. 

In  the  management  of  their  allotments  great  diversity  was  shown 
by  the  different  States;  some  sacrificed  their  holdings  for  a  very 
small  price;  others,  by  withholding  them  from  sale  for  a  time,  ulti- 
mately obtained  a  fair  value  for  them.  New  York  adopted  a  unique 
plan  which  was  immensely  profitable,  but  whose  history  is  too  long 
for  this  article.  A  synopsis  is  given  on  page  35,  under  "New  York." 
The  States  that  located  the  actual  acres  also  had  varied  experiences ; 
some  located  lands  that  were  held  by  the  Federal  Government  at 
double  minimum  price  and  therefore  received  only  1  acre  of  land 
for  2  acres  of  the  grant;  other  causes  intervened  in  some  cases  to 
make  the  location  of  the  exact  amount  of  the  grant  impossible. 

An  attempt  has  been  made  here  to  give,  from  the  mass  of  detailed 
and  frequently  conflicting  information,  a  brief  history  of  the  manage- 
ment of  the  grant  to  each  State  and  to  show  how  each  benefited 
from  the  act  of  July  2,  1862. 

Alabama  was  entitled  to  240,000  acres  in  land  scrip.  The  State 
legislature  accepted  the  provisions  of  the  act  on  February  13,  1867, 
which  acceptance  was  reaffirmed  in  the  constitution  of  December  31, 
1868.  On  June  17,  1871,  the  scrip  had  all  been  sold,  bringing 
$216,000,  which  was  invested  in  State  bonds  to  the  value  of  $253,500 
bearing  interest  perpetually  at  8  per  cent.  This  yields  a  yearly 
income  of  $20,280  for  the  college. 

But  after  accepting  and  disposing  of  the  grant  the  establishment  of 
the  college  continued  to  be  a  harassing  question  until  the  Methodist 
Church  offered  its  college,  Eastern  Alabama  Male  College  at  Auburn, 
to  the  State  for  a  foundation.  This  gift  was  accepted  by  the  State, 
February  26,  1872,  and  the  new  college  organized  on  March  20, 
under  the  title  of  "Alabama  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College." 
Later  the  name  was  changed  by  adding  "and  Polytechnic  Institute." 
It  receives  all  the  income,  $20,280,  from  the  original  land  grant  and 
also  all  Federal  grants  in  aid  of  agricultural  experiment  stations  and 


12  THE   LAND  GRANTS  AND   THE   LAND-GRANT   COLLEGES. 

agricultural  extension  work  within  the  State;  it  shares  with  the 
Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  for  Negroes  the  annual  appro- 
priation received  by  Alabama  under  the  second  Morrill  Act  and  the 
Nelson  amendment. 

Arizona,  under  its  State  enabling  act  of  June  20,  1910,  received 
150,000  acres  in  lieu  of  the  grant  under  the  act  of  1862  for  agricul- 
tural and  mechanical  colleges.  This  grant,  together  with  all  other 
State  lands,  is  in  the  control  of  a  State  board  of  land  commissioners, 
who  are  charged  with  the  duty  of  locating  and  selling  the  lands.  On 
June  30,  1914,  all  the  agricultural  college  lands  had  not  been  located 
and  confirmed,  and  none  of  them  had  been  sold.  A  State  law  fixes 
a  minimum  price  of  $3  per  acre. 

In  1885  the  Territorial  legislature  passed  an  act  organizing  a  State 
university  and  establishing  its  location  at  Tucson.  This  institution 
opened  in  October,  1891.  When  the  State  was  admitted  to  the 
Union  and  received  the  usual  quota  of  lands  for  different  purposes, 
the  legislature  wisely  decided  to  center  all  its  higher  educational 
efforts  in  one  institution,  and  accordingly  conferred  all  its  grants  for 
higher  education,  including  the  grant  for  an  agricultural  college, 
upon  the  University  of  Arizona.  By  this  means  this  institution  is 
possessed  of  a  magnificent  potential  endowment. 

Arkansas  received  150,000  acres  in  land  scrip.  On  May  11,  1864, 
the  State  legislature  accepted  the  land-grant  act  of  1862,  but  owing 
to  the  disturbed  condition  of  the  State  because  of  the  war  another 
act  of  the  legislature  was  necessary  before  the  scrip  could  be  issued; 
this  was  passed  January  31,  1867.  On  March  27,  1871,  the  legisla- 
ture again  affirmed  the  acceptance  of  the  conditions  of  the  1862  land- 
grant  act,  and  by  the  same  act  organized  a  college  to  receive  the 
benefit  of  the  grant.  This  was  called  the  Arkansas  Industrial  Uni- 
versity, and  was  located  at  Fayetteville.  On  January  22,  1872,  the 
institution  opened  its  doors  to  students.  Later  its  name  was  changed 
to  the  University  of  Arkansas. 

On  August  22,  1872,  a  tentative  sale  of  the  scrip  was  made  to 
G.  F.  Lewis,  representing  the  Ohio  Land  Co.  (the  same  Lewis  that 
appears  in  many  of  the  purchases  of  State  scrip),  and  $135,000  was 
realized.  While  the  price  was  low,  there  was  still  some  doubt 
whether  or  not  the  scrip  would  be  issued,  and  Lewis  took  some 
chance,  so  that  the  transaction  seems  to  have  been  warranted  by  all 
the  conditions. 

Of  this  principal,  $11,000  was  used  to  purchase  the  site  for  the 
university,  $121,333.33  was  invested  in  $130,000  worth  of  Fayette- 
ville and  Washington  County  bonds,  and  the  balance  remaining — 
$2,666.67 — was  erroneously  used  for  current  expenses. 

In  1902,  Fayetteville  and  Washington  Counties  redeemed  all  of 
their  bonds  except  $9,000,  which  was  paid  in  1907.  In  January,  1902, 


THE    LAND   GRANTS  AND   THE    LAND-GRANT  COLLEGES.  13 

the  State  legislature  transferred  $116,000  worth  of  3  per  cent  State 
bonds  to  the  University  of  Arkansas  endowment  fund,  1862  land 
grant,  leaving  $5,000  uninvested.  As  a  result,  on  June  30,  1914, 
there  was  a  considerable  deficit  in  the  amount  that  should  have  been 
paid  to  the  university.1  In  interest  return  there  was  a  deficit  of 
$33,436.53,  while  the  capital  of  the  fund,  instead  of  being  $132,666.67 
at  5  per  cent,  was  as  follows: 

$116,000  invested  at  3  per  cent  since  January,  1902. 
$2,666.67  improperly  dissipated  in  1872  and  not  replaced. 
$5,000  uninvested  since  1902. 
$9,000  uninvested  since  1907. 

California  was  entitled  to  150,000  acres  of  land  in  place.  The 
State  legislature  accepted  the  grant  on  March  31,  1866,  and  provided 
for  the  establishment  of  an  agricultural,  mining,  and  mechanical 
college  to  receive  the  benefit  of  the  fund.  Nothing  further  toward  a 
real  college  was  done  until  two  years  later,  when  the  trustees  of  the 
College  of  California  formally  presented  their  site  and  property  at 
Berkeley  to  the  State  on  condition  that  a  university  be  established 
there ;  accordingly,  the  University  of  California  was  organized  by  the 
legislature  on  March  23,  1868,  and  endowed  with  the  property  of  the 
former  College  of  California  as  well  as  all  the  lands  granted  to  the 
State  for  college  purposes. 

After  vain  efforts  to  sell  the  land  warrants  without  locating  the 
land  at  $5  per  acre,  California  obtained  from  Congress  on  March  5, 
1871,  an  act  giving  special  concessions.  The  lands  could  be  located 
from  any  open  lands  within  the  State  without  restrictions  on  the 
character  selected;  selections  could  be  made  in  the  smallest  subdi- 
visions recognized,  40-acre  plats;  and  other  privileges  of  value  to 
purchasers  were  given.  A  demand  for  the  land  now  arose.  Sales 
were  made  on  time  payments,  the  purchasers  locating  their  selections 
in  the  name  of  the  University  of  California;  some  of  the  purchasers 
defaulted  their  payments  and  the  lands  reverted  to  the  university 
for  resale.  A  complete  history  is  too  long  for  this  article  but  can  be 
found  in  the  yearly  reports  of  the  university  land  agent.  The  net 
result  was  that  on  June  30,  1914,  the  fund  from  the  land  grant  of 
1862  had  in  its  principal  $732,233.14,  with  1,402  acres  unsold.  The 
income  from  investments,  rentals,  and  all  sources  was  $42,374.07  for 
the  year.  The  capital,  $732,233.14,  is  invested  by  the  university  in 
miscellaneous  securities,  the  details  of  which  are  given  in  the  annual 

i  The  legislature  of  1917  restored  the  capital  of  the  1862  land-grant  fund  to  the  full  amount,  $132,666.67. 
It  refunded  the  present  3  per  cent  with  5  per  cent  bonds,  replaced  the  uninvested  and  dissipated  amounts 
with  5  per  cent  bonds  and  provided  that  a  temporary  8  per  cent  loan  of  $9,000  should  be  replaced  at 
maturity  with  5  per  cent  bonds,  thus  bringing  the  entire  capital  into  one  investment  in  State  5  per  cent 
bonds.  The  legislature  also  appropriated  $48,037.51  to  replace  the  interest  due  the  university  because  of 
investments  at  less  than  5  per  cent  from  1872  to  1917.  This  action  clears  the  State  and  the  university  in 
all  matters  concerning  the  1862  land-grant  fund. 


14  THE   LAND  GRANTS  AND   THE   LAND-GRANT  COLLEGES. 

report  of  the  treasurer.  The  interest  from  invested  funds  is  slightly 
over  5  per  cent. 

Colorado  was  organized  into  a  State  by  act  of  Congress  approved 
March  3,  1875,  and  was  admitted  on  August  1,  1876.  On  January  27, 
1879,  the  State  legislature  accepted  the  land-grant  act  of  1862, 
thereby  entitling  Colorado  to  90,000  acres  for  the  agricultural  college. 

On  February  11,  1870,  the  Territorial  legislature  had  established 
the  Colorado  Agricultural  College,  but  not  until  1877  was  the  institu- 
tion formally  organized.  Some  two  years  later  it  received  the  land- 
grant  endowment. 

To  manage  the  institution,  the  State  legislature  established  a 
State  board  of  agriculture  of  10  members,  the  governor  and  the 
president  of  the  college  being  ex  officio  members.  All  State  lands, 
including  the  agricultural  college  lands,  are  under  the  control  of  a 
State  board  of  land  commissioners,  which  locates  and  disposes  of 
them  by  lease  or  sale,  turning  over  the  proceeds  to  the  State  treasurer 
for  disposition  as  provided  by  the  laws  controlling  the  different  funds 
involved.  It  was  some  years  before  any  agricultural  college  lands 
were  located,  but  when  location  once  began  they  were  promptly 
rented  and  sometimes  sold,  thus  bringing  an  income  to  the  college 
from  the  beginning.  From  1905  to  1915  the  funds  turned  over  to  the 
State  treasurer  for  investment  were  allowed  to  remain  uninvested, 
or  with  only  bank  interest  as  an  income,  the  yearly  income  of  the 
college  through  the  land  grant  being  received  almost  entirely  from 
rentals  of  lands  held  by  the  State  board  of  land  commissioners. 

On  April  12,  1915,  the  legislature  passed  an  act  placing  the  perma- 
nent fund  under  the  administration  of  the  State  board  of  agriculture 
and  providing  for  its  investment  at  not  less  than  5  per  cent  interest. 
Immediately  this  board  began  to  invest  the  money  as  fast  as.  offers 
could  be  accepted  by  the  State  attorney  general.  In  January,  1917, 
the  State  auditor  reported  that  the  permanent  fund  amounted  to 
$195,407.06,  of  which  $194,688.55  was  invested  as  required  by  law  to 
net  not  less  than  5  per  cent  per  annum.  So  far  there  has  been  no 
difficulty  in  investing  the  fund  in  municipal  waterworks  bonds  and 
school  district  bonds. 

The  report  of  the  State  board  of  land  commissioners  shows  that  on 
November  30,  1914,  there  had  been  located  and  confirmed  from  the 
90,000  acre  grant  all  but  74.37  acres,  and  of  this  amount  55,807.05 
acres  had  been  sold,  producing  $185,956.34.  During  the  1913-14 
biennial  period  20,540.31  acres  were  under  agricultural  leases,  giving 
$3,021.70  income;  1,394.46  acres  were  under  coal  leases  for  $12,895; 
and  about  $3,000  was  received  in  interest,  principally  bank  interest, 
on  the  capital  of  $185.956.34. 

Connecticut  accepted  the  Federal  grant  on  December  24,  1862,  and 
received  180,000  acres  in  scrip.  This  was  immediately  sold  for 


THE    LAND   GRAFTS  AND   THE    LAND-GRANT   COLLEGES.  15 

$135,000  and  the  interest  from  the  fund  granted  to  Sheffield  Scientific 
School  of  Yale  University,  June  24,  1863. 

The  Storrs  Agricultural  School  was  chartered  April  6,  1881,  and 
opened  September  28,  1881.  April  21,  1893,  the  legislature  changed 
the  name  to  Storrs  Agricultural  College  and  at  the  same  time  trans- 
ferred the  land-scrip  income  from  Yale  to  the  new  institution.  The 
act  authorizing  the  transfer  provided  for  recompensing  Yale  for  any 
damage  due  to  the  removal  of  the  income.  Yale  immediately  took 
its  case  into  court  to  prevent  the  change,  but  ultimately  withdrew 
its  proceedings  and  received  in  January,  1896,  $154,604.45  in  full 
settlement  from  the  State,  the  income  from  the  fund  going  to  the 
Storrs  Agricultural  College. 

In  1899  the  name  Storrs  Agricultural  College  was  changed  to  Con- 
necticut Agricultural  College. 

At  first  the  State  invested  the  capital  of  the  1862  land-grant  fund 
in  State  bonds,  but  as  these  came  due  the  fund  remained  in  the  State 
treasury  without  specific  investment.  The  State  legislature  in  1905 
(chapter  74)  instructed  the  State  treasurer  to  pay  5  per  cent  interest 
yearly  on  this  capital,  $135,000,  without  regard  to  the  income  derived 
from  it;  thus  it  has  become  in  fact  a  part  of  the  irreducible  State 
debt.  The  money  is  actually  invested  in  notes  secured  by  real  estate 
within  the  State  and  brings  less  than  5  per  cent  to  the  State  treasury. 

By  the  act  of  1905  the  income  is  fixed  at  $6,750  and  goes  to  the 
Connecticut  Agricultural  College. 

Delaware  College  was  founded  February  6,  1833,  and  after  26  years 
of  continuous  work  was  forced  to  suspend  on  March  30,  1859,  through 
the  increasing  pressure  on  its  slender  resources. 

In  1867  the  State  legislature  accepted  the  Federal  land  grant  of 
1862,  and  on  March  14,  1867,  conferred  it  on  Delaware  College  under 
an  agreement  with  the  trustees  to  reopen  the  college  and  to  transfer 
a  half  interest  to  the  State.  On  February  17,  1869,  the  college  re- 
ceived a  new  charter  which  was  amended  in  1913  when  the  State 
took  full  title  to  the  institution  by  conveyance  from  the  trustees  of 
all  buildings,  grounds,  and  other  property. 

Delaware  received  90,000  acres  in  scrip  and  sold  it  for  $83,000, 
investing  the  money  in  6  per  cent  bonds.  In  1877  these  bonds  were 
sold,  certificates  of  permanent  indebtedness  bearing  6  per  cent  inter- 
est being  issued  to  the  college  in  their  place.  Delaware  College  re- 
ceives $4,980  yearly  income  from  the  interest  on  these  certificates. 

Florida,  in  1870,  accepted  the  Federal  land  grant  and  provided  for 
the  establishment  of  an  agricultural  college.  The  State  received 
90,000  acres  in  scrip,  sold  it  for  $80,000,  and  invested  the  money,  in 
1874,  in  $100,000  worth  of  State  bonds.  Although  the  State  had 
chartered  an  agricultural  college  and  had  endowed  it  with  this  fund, 
yet  no  college  had  been  built,  so  that,  in  March,  1877,  the  act  estab- 


16  THE    LAND   GRANTS   AND   THE    LAND-GRANT  COLLEGES. 

lishing  the  college  was  amended  and  a  new  start  made.  Still  nothing 
was  done  while  the  fund  went  on  accumulating,  amounting  to  $120,000 
in  1881.  In  1883-84  a  site  was  chosen  at  Lake  City,  where  a  building 
was  erected  and  occupied.  Four  years  later,  1888-89,  the  fund  con- 
sisted of  $153,800  in  State  bonds  of  Florida  and  North  Carolina,  and 
one  real  estate  mortgage  of  $2,000. 

In  1904  the  State  legislature  changed  the  name  of  the  Florida  Agri- 
cultural College  to  University  of  Florida.  In  1905  a  reorganization 
of  all  the  State-supported  colleges  of  Florida  took  place.  The  Buck- 
man  Act  of  1905  merged  six  schools,  of  which  the  University  of  Florida 
was  one,  into  two  colleges  called  the  Florida  Female  College  and  the 
University  of  the  State  of  Florida.  In  1909  the  female  college  at  Tal- 
lahassee had  its  name  changed  to  Florida  State  College  for  Women, 
while  the  title  of  the  other  was  shortened  to  University  of  Florida. 

The  Buckman  Act  of  1905  authorized  the  relocation  of  the  univer- 
sity and  Gainesville  was  selected,  the  fourth  site  in  its  history,  where  it 
has  had  its  home  since  the  summer  of  1906. 

Of  the  capital  fund,  amounting  to  $155,800,  $135,000  is  invested  in 
State  bonds  at  3  per  cent,  the  Buckman  Act  of  1905  making  a  con- 
tinuing appropriation  of  $2,716  for  the  deficit  of  2  per  cent  in  the 
interest,  payable  from  any  fund  in  the  possession  of  the  State  board 
of  education;  $10,000  is  in  North  Carolina  6  per  cent  bonds,  $8,000 
in  City  of  Lakeland  5  per  cent  bonds,  and  $2,000  is  uninvested.  This 
$2,000  was  invested  in  a  mortgage;  upon  payment  it  was  carried  into 
current  funds  and  spent,  so  that  now  it  must  be  deducted,  leaving 
the  capital  of  the  land-grant  fund  at  $153,800. 

Georgia. — The  State  legislature,  December  12,  1866,  accepted  the 
Federal  land-grant  act  of  1862,  thus  bringing  270,000  acres  in  scrip 
to  the  State.  This  was  sold  on  long-term  credits  extending  over  10 
years  and  ultimately  brought  $242,202.17.  As  the  money  was  re- 
ceived it  was  invested  in  interest-bearing  securities  for- the  use  of  the 
agricultural  colleges. 

Although  the  act  of  1866  authorized  a  college  of  agriculture  and 
mechanic  arts,  it  was  not  until  March  30,  1872,  that  it  was  provision- 
ally organized  as  a  department  of  the  State  University;  the  first  stu- 
dents were  admitted  May  1,  1872. 

Meanwhile  the  legislature  used  the  income  from  the  Federal  grant 
to  encourage  several  institutions,  all  " branch  colleges"  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Georgia,  but  each  having  its  own  board  of  control  subject 
to  the  trustees  of  the  university  as  a  court  of  last  recourse.  At  vari- 
ous times  five  agricultural  colleges  besides  the  State  college  at  Athens 
have  received  some  portion  of  the  income;  these  were  located  at 
Dahlonega,  Milledgeville,  Cuthbert,  Thomasville,  and  Hamilton. 
The  North  Georgia  Agricultural  College  at  Dahlonega  is  the  only  one 
that  still  receives  any  portion  of  the  fund. 


THE    LAND  GRANTS  AND   THE    LAND-GRANT   COLLEGES.  17 

On  July  21,  1907,  the  legislature  authorized  a  separate  board  of 
control  for  the  Georgia  State  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic 
Arts,  but  left  it  subordinate  to  the  university  board  and  continued 
the  college  as  a  part  of  the  university.  This  act  reaffirmed  the  dis- 
position of  the  income  from  the  land-grant  fund.  The  total  income, 
$16,954.14,  was  conferred  on  the  State  university,  but  the  trustees 
were  instructed  to  use  $2,000  for  the  North  Georgia  Agricultural  Col- 
lege at  Dahlonega  and  $14,954.14  for  the  Georgia  State  College  of 
Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts. 

On  June  30,  1914,  the  capital  of  the  fund  amounted  to  $242,202.17, 
invested  in  a  7  per  cent  State  certificate  of  indebtedness  similar  to  a 
bond  and  due  in  1934.  The  income  of  $16,954.14  per  year  goes  to 
the  University  of  Georgia  for  distribution  as  stated  above. 

Idaho. — By  the  State  enabling  act,  July  3,  1890,  Idaho  received 
90,000  acres  of  land  for  agricultural  and  mechanical  colleges  in  lieu 
of  the  Federal  grant  of  1862. 

In  1889  the  legislature  had  established  the  University  of  Idaho, 
and  in  1892  it  endowed  it  with  the  income  from  this  grant.  The 
land  and  funds  are  under  the  management  of  the  State  board  of  land 
commissioners,  which  board  handles  all  the  State  lands. 

The  income  from  the  sale  of  all  lands  is  combined  and  invested  as 
opportunity  offers  in  school  bonds,  State  bonds,  and  farm  loans;  the 
total  income  is  prorated  to  the  different  funds.  The  income  from 
the  agricultural  college  grant  varies  from  year  to  year  as  lands  are 
sold  or  rented.  The  report  of  the  State  land  department  of  Idaho, 
June  30,  1914,  showed  in  this  fund  a  capital  of  $129,615.82,  with 
64,198.38  acres  unsold.  The  income  from  interest  and  rentals  was 
$28,425.70. 

Illinois. — On  February  28,  1867,  the  State  Legislature  of  Illinois 
organized  the  Illinois  Industrial  University  and  endowed  it  with 
the  agricultural  college  fund.  Instead  of  attempting  to  handle  the 
fund  the  State  turned  the  480,000  acres  in  scrip  over  to  the  uni- 
versity, leaving  all  matters  of  management  to  the  trustees.  Omitting 
fractional  parts  of  sections,  25,440  acres  were  located  in  Nebraska 
and  Minnesota,  while  454,560  acres  in  scrip  were  sold  outright  for 
$319,494.01,  the  amount  being  invested  in  Illinois  county  bonds. 
The  located  lands  were  sold  from  time  to  time  as  opportunity  offered, 
and  the  price  was  added  to  the  capital  of  the  fund. 

The  care  of  both  principal  and  interest  of  this  fund  remained  with 
the  trustees  of  the  university  until  1897,  when,  owing  to  a  defalcation 
of  the  university  treasurer,  the  State  was  obliged  to  make  good  the 
loss  of  considerable  of  the  principal  of  the  fund,  and  consequently 
took  over  its  management.  The  State  legislature  replaced  the  prin- 
cipal by  making  it  a  part  of  the  irreducible  State  debt,  on  which  it 
49782°— 18 3 


18  THE    LAND   GRANTS   AND   THE    LAND-GRANT   COLLEGES. 

agreed  to  pay  5  per  cent  interest  perpetually.  As  the  lands  are  sold 
the  proceeds  are  turned  into  the  State  treasury  and  the  fund  is  auto- 
matically increased  by  that  amount.  On  June  30,  1916,  the  capital 
of  the  fund  was  $649,012.91,  on  which  the  State  pays  5  per  cent  inter- 
est to  the  University  of  Illinois.  The  income  for  1915-16  was 
$32,450.34. 

In  June,  1885,  the  name  of  the  institution  was  changed  to  University 
of  Illinois. 

Indiana  accepted  the  land-grant  act  of  1862  on  March  6,  1865, 
receiving  390,000  acres  in  scrip.  The  legislature  of  1863  had  been 
urged  by  the  governor  to  take  the  necessary  action  and  to  designate 
a  location  for  the  college,  but  so  many  competitors  came  into  the 
field,  each  wanting  the  college  and  its  endowment,  that  the  legislature 
finally  adjourned  without  action,  leaving  it  for  the  session  of  1865. 

In  the  same  act  that  accepted  the  grant  of  land  a  board  of  five, 
the  governor  being  ex  officio  president,  was  named  under  the  title  of 
"The  Trustees  of  the  Indiana  Agricultural  College."  This  board  was 
instructed  to  obtain  the  scrip  from  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  to 
sell  it,  and  to  invest  the  proceeds.  It  does  not  appear  that  it  was 
empowered  to  establish  or  organize  a  college  and  the  matter  of  a  site 
still  remained  to  be  settled.  This  board  duly  met,  organized,  ob- 
tained the  scrip,  and  on  April  13,  1867,  sold  the  entire  issue  for 
$212,238.50,  which  they  invested  in  United  States  5-20  bonds  at  a 
premium,  paying  $214,681.25  for  $200,000  worth  of  bonds. 

The  fight  for  a  location  continued  through  two  more  sessions  of  the 
legislature  with  no  determination.  At  last,  in  1869,  John  Purdue 
offered  100  acres  of  land,  $150,000  in  cash,  and  other  gifts;  the  citi- 
zens of  Tippecanoe  County  increased  this  by  $50,000,  and  the  Meth- 
odist Church  offered  its  Battle  Ground  Institute  for  a  location.  On 
May  6,  1869,  the  legislature  accepted  these  gifts,  located  the  new 
college  in  Tippecanoe  County,  and  authorized  the  board  to  organize 
the  college.  In  recognition  of  the  gifts  of  Mr.  Purdue  the  name  of 
the  college  was  changed  to  Purdue  University.  Later  the  board 
settled  on  the  100  acres  received  from  Mr.  Purdue  as  the  site  of  the 
college. 

Meanwhile  it  was  seen  that  the  institution  could  riot  open  within 
the  time  set  by  Congress,  July  23,  1871;  so  a  special  act  of  Congress 
was  obtained  extending  the  time  for  the  opening  of  the  institution  to 
December  13,  1874.  On  March  2,  1874,  a  few  informal  classes  were 
held  in  the  almost  completed  buildings,  and  on  September  16,  1874, 
the  new  institution  formally  opened  its  doors  to  students. 

During  the  seven  years  of  organization  and  construction  the  land- 
grant  fund  had  been  accumulating  interest  which  the  trustees  re- 
invested as  fast  as  received.  In  this  way  the  permanent  fund  was 
increased  to  a  face  value  of  $340,000  in  Government  bonds  costing 


THE    LAND   GRANTS  AND   THE    LAND-GRANT   COLLEGES.  19 

$351,728.97.  In  1881  the  State  authorized  the  issue  of  a  5  per  cent 
State  bond  due  April  1,  1901,  for  this  fund,  and  in  1901  this  bond  was 
transferred  into  a  perpetual  State  debt.  The  present  income  of 
Purdue  University  from  this  fund  is  $17,000  per  year,  5  per  cent  on 
$340,000. 

Iowa. — The  Iowa  agricultural  college  was  chartered  in  1858  and 
established  the  following  year  on  a  farm  of  640  acres  near  Ames.  On 
September  11,  1862,  the  State  legislature  accepted  the  grant  of  Con- 
gress, thus  obtaining  for  Iowa  240,000  acres  of  land  and  conferred  it 
on  the  agricultural  college  at  Ames. 

The  governor  appointed  Peter  Melondy  to  locate  the  lands.  He 
selected  about  50,000  acres  of  maximum  value  lands  near  the  Dubuque 
&  Sioux  City  Railroad  and  the  Cedar  Rapids  &  Missouri  River  Rail- 
road. Later  results  showed  his  good  judgment.  In  all,  he  located 
about  195,000  acres,  which,  on  adjustment  and  remeasurement,  were 
confirmed  by  the  United  States  Land  Office  at  204,309  acres. 

At  first  these  lands  were  leased  at  about  8  per  cent  on  an  appraised 
value  of  $1.50  to  $3  per  acre,  giving  at  once  a  satisfactory  income. 
From  the  start  the  college  maintained  a  financial  agent  to  handle  the 
lands.  This  agent  bought,  sold,  and  rented  lands,  invested  and  re- 
invested the  income,  managing  the  grant  so  well  that  on  June  30, 
1914,  the  principal  amounted  to  $686,817.97,  invested  chiefly  in  farm 
mortgages,  and  bringing  a  net  income  of  $35,191.86  to  the  college. 

Kansas. — The  Legislature  of  Kansas  accepted  the  Federal  land 
grant  on  February  3,  1863,  and  on  February  16  accepted  the  gift  from 
the  Methodist  Church  of  the  property  of  Bluemont  Central  College  as 
a  site  for  the  new  agricultural  college.  Here  the  Kansas  State  Agri- 
cultural College  was  established  and  endowed  with  the  land  grant  of 
90,000  acres. 

The  college  located  the  lands  to  the  amount  of  82,315.52  acres,  the 
deficit  of  7,686.48  acres  being  made  up  by  special  act  of  Congress  in 
1907.  The  lands  have  been  handled  by  the  college  in  the  usual  man- 
ner of  rental  and  sale,  the  proceeds  of  sales  going  to  the  principal  of 
the  fund.  On  June  30,  1914,  the  principal  was  $491,746.74,  with 
7,686.48  acres  unsold.  The  income  from  investments  and  rental 
was  $25,614.40  for  the  year. 

Kentucky  accepted  the  land-grant  act  on  January  27,  1863,  and 
received  thereby  330,000  acres  in  scrip.  The  State  sinking  fund 
commissioners  sold  this  for  50  cents  per  acre,  realizing  $164,960,  and 
invested  the  money  in  State  6  per  cent  bonds.  Now  began  the  usual 
straggle  as  to  that  part  of  the  State  in  which  should  be  located  the 
agricultural  college  to  be  established  on  this  foundation.  While  the 
dispute  was  still  unsettled  in  the  legislature  and  it  seemed  as  if  the 
time  allowed  for  establishing  a  college  would  expire,  the  Kentucky 


20  THE   LAND  GRANTS  AND   THE   LAND-GRANT   COLLEGES. 

University,  then  located  at  Harrodsburg,  and  the  Transylvania  Uni- 
versity, which  had  long  been  established  in  Lexington,  were  con- 
solidated. 

The  consolidated  institution,  bearing  the  name  of  Kentucky  Uni- 
versity, was  then  removed  from  Harrodsburg  and  established  at 
Lexington,  and  the  agricultural  college  deadlock  in  the  State  legis- 
lature was  settled  by  attaching  the  recently  created  agricultural 
college  to  the  Kentucky  University.  In  order  to  comply  with  the 
requirements  of  the  legislature,  the  friends  of  the  university  raised 
by  individual  subscription  $130,000  for  the  purchase  of  land  for  the 
use  of  the  agricultural  college.  The  latter  opened  its  doors  to  stu- 
dents in  1866  as  a  part  of  the  university. 

For  a  time  this  arrangement  worked  well,  but  in  1875  dissension 
arose  over  the  policy  in  management  of  the  agricultural  work. 

At  that  time  Mr.  John  B.  Bowman,  one  of  those  prominent  in  the 
affairs  of  Kentucky  University,  offered  to  organize  a  separate  agri- 
cultural college,  the  institution  to  remain  a  nominal  branch  of  the 
university.  Through  his  efforts  and  those  of  others  a.  beautiful 
location  at  Lexington  of  52  acres  and  a  donation  of  $30,000  in  city 
bonds  were  obtained  from  the  city  of  Lexington  and  $20,000  addi- 
tional in  county  bonds  from  Fayette  County. 

The  legislature,  recognizing  the  entire  failure  of  the  foundation  of 
a  State  agricultural  college  in  a  church  controlled  university,  first, 
in  1878,  dissolved  the  connection;  next,  in  1879,  granted  a  separate 
organization  for  the  agricultural  and  mechanical  college;  and  finally, 
in  1880,  accepted  the  offer  of  the  city  of  Lexington  and  established 
the  college  there: 

On  May  16,  1908,  the  name  Transylvania  University  was  restored 
to  the  the  church  controlled  university,  while  the  State  agricultural 
and  mechanical  college  was  named  "  State  University,  Lexington, 
Kentucky."  An  act  approved  March  15,  1916,  again  changed  the 
name  to  its  present  form,  u  University  of  Kentucky." 

On  May  21,  1897,  the  State  legislature  passed  an  act  providing  a 
perpetual  State  bond  for  $165,000,  bearing  interest  at. 6  per  cent,  for 
the  land-grant  fund  of  1862,  and  instructing  that  $1,255.50  of  the 
income  should  go  to  the  State  Normal  School  for  Colored  Persons  at 
Frankfort  and  $8,644.50  to  the  State  University. 

Louisiana. — The  State  legislature  accepted  the  land  grant  in  1869, 
thereby  entitling  the  State  to  210,000  acres  in  scrip.  This  scrip  was 
intrusted  to  a  State  board  of  commissioners,  who  sold  it  and  invested 
the  proceeds  in  Louisiana  State  bonds.  On  April  7,  1874,  the  agri- 
cultural and  mechanical  college  required  by  the  grant  was  char- 
tered. The  trustees  were  nine  citizens,  mentioned  by  name,  and 
four  ex  ofncio  members — the  governor,  the  lieutenant  governor,  the 
chief  justice,  and  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction.  While 


THE   LAND  GBANTS  AND   THE   LAND-GRANT  COLLEGES.  21 

the  board  was  looking  for  a  permanent  location,  it  opened  the  college 
in  New  Orleans  in  the  building  of  the  University  of  Louisiana,  cor- 
ner of  Baronne  and  Common  Streets.  The  first  students  were  admit- 
ted on  November  16,  1874,  night  and  day  classes  being  held. 

In  the  first  report  of  the  board  to  the  general  assembly  of  1875 
appears  a  detailed  account  of  the  sale  of  the  land  scrip  and  invest- 
ment of  the  fund. 

RECEIPTS. 

209,920  acres  of  scrip,  at  87  cents $182,  630.  40 

State  appropriation,  net,  to  pay  in  part  expenses  of  procuring,  selling, 

and  delivering  said  scrip 1,  825.  00 

Interest  on  State  bonds  matured  and  collected  prior  to  Nov.  1,  1872 24,  270.  00 


Total 208,  725.  40 


EXPENDITURES. 


For  purchasing  327  bonds,  of  $1,000  each $205,  280.  00 

Expenses  of  procuring  scrip,  etc 3,  310.  37 

Cash  on  hand..  135.03 


Total 208,  725.  40 

This  fixes  the  capital  of  the  fund  at  $327,000  in  State  bonds,  at  6 
per  cent.  The  bonds  were  turned  over  to  the  trustees  of  the  college, 
who  deposited  them  with  the  State  treasurer. 

In  1874  a  constitutional  amendment  provided  for  refunding  the 
entire  State  debt.  Although  there  seemed  to  be  some  doubt  whether 
or  not  the  bonds  of  the  land-grant  endowment  fund  were  included, 
yet  it  seemed  wise  to  the  trustees  to  enter  them.  Accordingly,  in 
1875  the  $327,000  in  bonds  were  exchanged  for  $196,200  worth  of 
new  bonds,  at  7  per  cent,  a  discount  of  40  per  cent. 

Meanwhile,  as  no  permanent  site  had  been  secured,  the  legislature, 
on  May  19,  1877,  passed  an  act  uniting  the  old  Louisiana  State  Uni- 
versity, formerly  the  State  Seminary,  at  Baton  Rouge,  and  the  new 
agricultural  and  mechanical  college  of  New  Orleans  on  the  site  at 
Baton  Rouge.  Here,  on  October  5,  1877,  the  Louisiana  State  Uni- 
veristy  and  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  began  its  present 
history. 

Shortly  after  this  permanent  site  was  obtained  the  new  constitu- 
tion of  1879  went  into  effect.  Again  the  land-grant  endowment  was 
changed.  The  7  per  cent  bonds  for  $196,200  were  canceled  and  the 
State  auditor  was  instructed  to  enter  on  his  books  to  the  credit  of 
the  university  (evidently  meaning  the  institution  at  Baton  Rouge) 
the  capital  debt  of  $182,313.03,  on  which  the  State  agreed  to  pay  5 
per  cent  interest  perpetually.  No  bonds  or  certificates  were  issued, 
but  this  amount  now  stands  as  part  of  the  irreducible  State  debt 
and  represents  the  land-grant  endowment  fund.  The  income  of 


22  THE   LAND  GRANTS  AND  THE   LAND-GRANT  COLLEGES. 

$9,115.69  per  year  is  paid  to  the  Louisiana  State  University  and 
Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College. 

Maine. — The  State  legislature  accepted  the  land  grant  in  1863  and 
received  210,000  acres  in  scrip.  On  February  25,  1865,  it  chartered 
the  State  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts  and  endowed  it 
with  the  income  from  the  grant.  The  college  was  established  on  a 
site  at  Orono,  donated  by  the  towns  of  Orono  and  Oldtown.  The 
citizens  of  Bangor  also  contributed  $14,000  for  the  college.  The  first 
students  were  admitted  on  September  14,  1868.  In  1897  its  name 
was  changed  to  University  of  Maine. 

The  land  scrip  was  sold  in  several  parcels  between  1865  and  1870, 
bringing  a  total  of  $116,359.20,  which  sum  served  to  purchase  $118,300 
face  value  of  bonds.  As  interest  was  paid,  it  was  reinvested  from 
time  to  time,  until  we  find  the  treasurer  of  the  college  on  December 
31,  1870,  reporting  the  following  condition  of  the  fund: 

Bonds  of  the  State  of  Maine,  at  6  per  cent $118,  300 

Preferred  stock,  Minnesota  Valley  R.  R.  Co. ,  at  10  per  cent 10,  000 

City  of  Bangor  bonds,  at  6  per  cent 6,  000 


Total..  134,300 

After  this  date  no  further  reinvestment  of  interest  was  added  to 
the  capital.  In  1874  the  treasurer  of  the  college  for  the  first  time 
distinguishes  the  capital  derived  from  the  sale  of  scrip  from  that 
derived  from  investments  of  accumulated  interest  and  reports  the 
first  item  as  $118,400  (evidently  an  error  of  $100)  and  the  second 
as  $16,000,  a  total  of  $134,400. 

In  1889,  the  legislature  authorized  the  issuance  of  a  30-year  State 
bond  for  $118,300  at  5  per  cent,  to  cover  the  land-grant  fund.  This 
will  come  due  June  1,  1919.  The  University  of  Maine  receives  the 
income  of  $5,915  per  year. 

Maryland. — The  State  legislature  in  1856  (ch.  97,  Laws  of  1856), 
passed  an  act  chartering  the  Maryland  Agricultural  College.  Al- 
though a  private  corporation,  it  received  an  annual  appropriation  of 
$6,000  from  the  State.  The  institution  was  established  on  a  farm 
of  480  acres  in  Prince  Georges  County  and  was  opened  for  students 
in  the  fall  of  1859.  In  1864  the  legislature  accepted  the  Federal 
land  grant,  bringing  210,000  acres  in  scrip  to  the  State,  and  conferred 
the  income  from  the  fund  on  the  Maryland  Agricultural  College. 

In  1866  the  trustees  were  required  to  deed  a  half  interest  in  the 
college  to  the  State  in  return  for  an  appropriation  of  $45,000  to  pay 
its  debts.  In  this  act  the  legislature  set  aside  10  per  cent  of  the 
capital  of  the  land-grant  fund — the  amount  authorized  by  the  act 
to  be  expended  in  the  purchase  of  land— to  be  paid  into  the  State 
treasury  to  reimburse  the  State  in  part  for  the  amount  appropriated 
in  purchasing  the  half  interest;  accordingly,  the  State  treasurer 


THE    LAND   GRANTS  AND   THE    LAND-GRANT  COLLEGES,  23 

deducted  $11,250  from  the  selling  price  of  the  scrip,  $112,504,  and 
invested  the  remainder  in  6  per  cent  State  bonds,  paying  the  interest 
annually,  less  $90  State  tax,  to  the  college.  In  1872  the  legislature 
made  good  these  illegal  deductions  and  restored  the  capital  to  $112,- 
504.  By  favorable  investments  from  time  to  time  the  capital  has 
been  slightly  increased  so  that  on  June  30,  1914,  it  was  as  follows: 

Four  per  cent  State  loan  of  1914 $27, 143.  60 

Three  per  cent  State  loan  of  1902 38,  800. 00 

Three  and  one-half  per  cent  public  building  loan 30,  000. 00 

Four  per  cent  State  loan  of  1912 20,  000.  00 

Total 115,  943.  60 

The  legislature  makes  an  annual  appropriation  to  cover  the  deficit 
in  interest  below  the  full  5  per  cent  required  by  act  of  Congress. 

On  March  20,  1914,  by  action  of  the  legislature,  the  State  fore- 
closed its  mortgage  on  the  college  property,  and,  as  it  already  owned 
a  half  interest,  it  took  over  the  balance  with  the  consent  of  the  private 
stockholders.  This  action  made  the  Maryland  Agricultural  College 
wholly  the  property  of  the  State.  In  1916  a  new  charter  was  granted 
and  the  title  changed  to  " : Maryland  State  College  of  Agriculture." 

Massachusetts. — The  Legislature  of  Massachusetts  accepted  the 
land  grant  on  April  18,  1863,  and  received  360,000  acres  in  scrip. 
By  act  of  April  27,  1863,  it  divided  the  fund,  conferring  one- third  of 
the  income  on  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology  and  two- 
thirds  on  the  trustees  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College. 

The  origin  of  both  these  institutions,  although  dated  before  the 
national  land-grant  act  of  July  2,  1862,  was  due  to  the  same  general 
movement  throughout  the  country  that  led  to  action  in  Congress; 
the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology  was  chartered  as  a  private 
corporation  on  April  10,  1861,  and  established  in  Boston,  while 
five  years  previously,  in  1856,  the  Massachusetts  School  of  Agriculture 
had  been  chartered  but  never  opened;  the  land-grant  endowment 
put  new  life  into  both. 

On  April  29,  1863,  the  Massachusetts  School  of  Agriculture  was 
definitely  abandoned,  and  a  new  institution  was  chartered  called 
the  Trustees  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  CoUege.  On  May 
11,  1864,  an  act  was  passed  changing  this  name  to  Massachusetts 
Agricultural  CoUege  and  providing  that  10  per  cent  of  the  land 
scrip  be  used  for  the  purchase  of  a  site  for  the  new  college.  Accord- 
ingly, on  May  11,  1864,  36,000  acres  in  scrip  were  transferred  to  the 
Massachusetts  Agricultural  College  to  be  sold  and  the  proceeds  used 
to  purchase  a  site.  The  $29,778.40,  received  from  the  sale  of  the 
scrip,  was  used  in  part  payment  of  the  property  at  Amherst,  costing 
$34,999.50.  Here  the  first  students  were  admitted  October  2,  1867. 

The  balance  of  the  scrip  was  sold  by  the  State  from  time  to  time 


24  THE    LAND   GRANTS   AND   THE   LAND-GRANT  COLLEGES. 

and  the  money  invested,  the  income  going  as  provided  by  law 
one-third  to  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology  and  two- 
thirds  to  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College. 

In  the  treasurer's  report  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College 
under  date  of  January,  1868,  appears  a  statement  that  the  scrip 
was  entirely  sold  for  $205,509,  which  had  been  invested  in  $201,700 
worth  of  bonds  at  various  rates  of  interest,  with  $5,724.65  cash 
balance  on  hand.  The  total  income  is  given  as  $12,445.48,  divided 
between  the  two  institutions  as  required  by  law. 

In  1871  the  fund  had  grown  by  fortunate  reinvestments  to  $208,- 
464.65,  when  the  legislature  increased  it  to  a  round  $350,000.  In 
1876  it  had  grown  to  $360,067.40.  In  1882  the  legislature  divided 
the  fund  roughly  into  money  received  from  the  sale  of  scrip,  $219,000, 
called  the  "Technical  Education  Fund,  United  States  Grant";  and 
the  increments  due  to  fortunate  investments,  reinvestments,  and 
State  grants,  $141,575.35,  called  "Technical  Education  Fund, 
Commonwealth  Grant."  It  is  now  considered  that  the  United 
States  grant  only  is  subject  to  the  5  per  cent  investment  requirement. 

The  United  States  grant  is  invested  in  Massachusetts  prison  and 
hospital  loan  bonds  at  5  per  cent  and  brings  a  yearly  income  of 
$3,650  to  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology  and  $7,300  to 
the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College. 

Michigan. — As  early  as  1844  a  popular  movement  in  favor  of 
agricultural  instruction  gained  considerable  momentum  in  Michigan. 
The  State  constitution  of  1850  contained  a  section  requiring  that  a 
school  of  agriculture  be  founded.  This  movement  culminated  in  an 
act  passed  February  12,  1855,  whereby  a  school  of  agriculture  was 
established  under  the  control  of  the  State  board  of  education.  This 
board  selected  a  site  of  676  acres  near  Lansing,  and  there  the  institu- 
tion was  opened  May  15,  1857. 

This  was  m  the  first  exclusively  agricultural  college  in  the  United 
States.  Michigan  was  the  first  State  to  recognize  the  general  demand 
for  scientific  collegiate  training  in  agricultural  lines  and  by  its  agri- 
cultural college  to  strengthen  the  general  movement  in  that  direction. 

The  State  legislature  accepted  the  land  grant  February  25,  1863, 
and  received  240,000  acres.  This  grant  was  placed  under  the  control 
of  the  State  board  of  education  for  the  benefit  of  the  agricultural 
college.  Later  a  State  board  of  agriculture  was  created  to  have  the 
management  of  the  college  and  all  its  property.  The  board  of  edu- 
cation selected  agricultural  lands,  omitting  the  valuable  pine  timber, 
evidently  believing  that  some  obligation  rested  on  them  to  select 
agricultural  lands  for  an  agricultural  college.  They  located  the  full 
amount  of  the  grant,  but  as  some  of  the  land  was  double  minimum 
the  actual  acreage  received  was  235,663  acres. 


THE    LAND   GRANTS  AND    THE    LAND-GRANT  COLLEGES.  25 

As  the  lands  were  sold  the  amounts  received  were  turned  in  to  the 
State  treasurer  and  loaned  to  the  State  on  book  account  at  7  per  cent 
interest.  This  interest  goes  to  the  agricultural  college,  which  receives 
also,  as  part  of  the  yearly  income,  the  interest  paid  by  purchasers 
of  land  on  unpaid  balances.  On  June  30,  1914,  the  capital  loaned 
to  the  State  was  $991,673.86,  which,  together  with  the  interest  on 
unpaid  balances  of  land  purchase  money,  produced  $71,324.94 
income  for  the  agricultural  college.  There  were  50,485.49  acres  still 
unsold. 

Minnesota. — On  February  19,  1861,  the  Legislature  of  Minnesota 
passed  an  act  organizing  a  State  university,  and  on  March  10,  1858, 
an  act  establishing  a  State  agricultural  college.  The  agricultural 
college  never  was  born,  and  the  university,  although  actually  begin- 
ning work,  did  not  get  its  affairs  to  a  stable  foundation  until  the 
reorganization  of  1868. 

On  January  27,  1863,  the  legislature  accepted  the  terms  of  the 
Federal  land-grant  act  of  July  2,  1862,  and  thereby  brought  to 
Minnesota  120,000  acres  for  an  agricultural  college.  This  acceptance 
carried  no  provision  for  a  college  or  for  the  administration  of  the 
lands;  consequently  another  act  became  necessary.  On  March  3, 
1863,  the  commissioner  of  the  general  land  office  of  Minnesota  was 
empowered  to  select  the  lands  donated  for  the  endowment  of  a 
college  of  agriculture  and  mechanic  arts.  Still  no  college  was  organ- 
ized, nor  any  beneficiary  of  the  fund  named. 

On  March  2,  1865,  the  original  act  of  1858  chartering  the  State 
agricultural  college  was  amended  and  practically  rewritten;  in  this 
act  a  clause  endowing  the  college  with  the  1862  land-grant  fund  was 
incorporated;  again  no  college  resulted.  Finally,  on  February  18, 
1868,  an  act  was  passed  to  reorganize  and  provide  for  the  govern- 
ment and  regulation  of  the  University  of  Minnesota.  The  university 
was  authorized  to  establish  a  college  of  agriculture  as  one  of  its 
departments,  and  the  1862  land-grant  fund  was  granted  to  it  for 
this  purpose. 

Even  now  the  work  was  not  complete;  the  commissioner  of  the 
State  land  office  had  authority  only  to  locate  the  lands,  not  to  dis- 
pose of  them;  consequently,  an  act  was  passed  on  March  5,  1868, 
authorizing  him  to  sell  the  lands  that  he  had  located  and  to  invest 
the  proceeds. 

Although  the  University  of  Minnesota  had  been  in  more  or  less 
active  operation  for  17  years,  since  November  26,  1851,  the  reorgani- 
zation act  of  February  18,  1868,  marks  the  real  beginning  of  its 
history.  The  land-grant  fund  of  1862  may  therefore  well  be  con- 
sidered as  the  determining  cause  for  the  permanent  establishment  of 
the  State  university. 
49782°— 18 4 


26  THE    LAND   GRANTS   AND    THE   LAND-GRANT   COLLEGES. 

Of  the  grant  of  120,000  acres,  94,439  acres  were  located  and  con- 
firmed to  the  State,  25,511  being  double  minimum  lands.  Sales 
were  made  on  long-time  contracts,  and  leases  of  various  privileges 
were  made.  In  1914  the  fund  accumulated  from  the  various  sources 
amounted  to  $579,430.26,  giving  an  interest  return  of  $22,257.86, 
4  per  cent  on  the  invested  funds.  The  deficit  of  1  per  cent  is  made 
up  by  the  board  of  regents  of  the  university,  which  authorizes  a 
transfer  of  funds  each  year  for  this  purpose  from  the  general  support 
provided  by  the  State. 

Mississippi. — On  October  30,  1866,  the  Legislature  of  Mississippi 
accepted  the  1862  land  grant,  and  through  Gov.  Humphreys  applied 
to  the  Commissioner  of  the  General  Land  Office  at  Washington  for  the 
210,000  acres  in  scrip  due  the  State.  It  seems  difficult  to  determine 
why  this  application  was  refused.  One  reason  offered  is  that  the 
time  had  expired  for  accepting  the  grant;  another  suggests  that  the 
action  of  the  State  legislature  was  not  recognized  because  the  State 
had  not  been  reconstructed.  The  files  of  the  General  Land  Office 
fail  to  disclose  any  reason.  However,  Congress,  on  May  13,  1871, 
passed  the  time  extension  amendment,  and  on  the  same  day  the 
reconstructed  State  legislature  under  Gov.  Alcorn  again  accepted 
the  grant  and  conferred  two-fifths  of  the  fund  on  the  University  of 
Mississippi  and  three-fifths  on  an  institution  for  negroes  established 
by  the  same  act  and  called  Alcorn  University.  This  action  was 
satisfactory  to  Washington  and  on  September  21,  1871,  there  were 
turned  over  to  Gov.  Alcorn  1,312  pieces  of  scrip  calling  for  209,920 
acres  of  public  land. 

Before  any  sale  of  the  scrip  could  be  made,  the  legislature,  on  April 
18,  1873,  authorized  that  it  be  used  to  aid  in  the  construction  of  the 
Vicksburg  &  Nashville  Kailroad.  An  injunction  prevented  action 
until  the  friends  of  the  college  in  the  legislature  were  able  to  amend 
the  act  and  to  introduce  conditions  which  ultimately  prevented 
acceptance  by  the  railroad. 

After  this  narrow  escape  the  scrip  was  put  on  the  market  and  by 
January  1,  1874,  aU  had  been  sold  at  90  cents  per  acre,  bringing  a 
total  of  $188,928  to  be  divided,  three-fifths  to  Alcorn  University 
and  two-fifths  to  the  University  of  Mississippi. 

The  endowment  for  Alcorn  University,  amounting  to  $113,351.80, 
was  first  diminished  by  a  payment  of  $10,500  for  part  of  the  uni- 
versity tract;  the  remainder,  $102,851.80,  was  invested  as  a  perma- 
nent interest-bearing  fund  in  Mississippi  State  bonds,  at  a  discount, 
to  the  amount  of  $123,150,  on  which  interest  at  8  per  cent  was  paid. 
The  share  of  the  University  of  Mississippi  was  handled  in  the  same 
manner  except  that  no  deduction  was  made  for  the  purchase  of  land. 

While  a  total  income  of  8  per  cent  was  received  on  the  fund,  only 
a  portion,  amounting  to  5  per  cent  on  the  principal,  was  turned  over 


THE    LAND   GRANTS  AND   THE    LAND-GRANT   COLLEGES.  27 

to  the  colleges,  the  remainder  being  applied  to  swell  the  capital  of 
the  fund.  As  a  result,  when  it  became  necessary  to  reinvest  the 
fund  on  January  1,  1876,  an  investment  of  $227,150  was  made  in 
5  per  cent  State  bonds. 

It  was  soon  found  that  Alcorn  University  could  not  use  all  the 
funds  provided  for  it.  Besides  three-fifths  of  the  income  from  the 
land-grant  fund,  it  had  been  granted  liberal  appropriations  by  the 
State  legislature.  In  1874,  following  several  disturbances  or 
"strikes"  at  the  institution,  its  funds  were  substantially  reduced, 
and  its  share  of  the  land-grant  fund  was  divided  with  Oxford  Uni- 
versity, another  college  for  colored  students.  Finally,  by  act  of 
February  28,  1878,  the  legislature  deprived  Oxford  University  of 
all  participation  in  the  fund.  Alcorn  University  was  reorganized 
under  the  title  "Alcorn  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  of  the 
State  of  Mississippi,"  and  received  one  half  of  the  income  from  the 
fund,  while  the  other  half  went  to  the  institution  for  white  students. 

The  University  of  Mississippi  was  established  on  February  20, 
1840,  and  opened  for  students  on  November  6,  1848.  With  the 
exception  of  the  Civil  War  period,  1862  to  1865,  it  has  been  in  con- 
tinuous and  successful  operation.  When  the  trustees,  by  the  act  of 
the  legislature  of  May  13,  1871,  were  called  upon  to  establish  a 
college  of  agriculture,  they  found  it  difficult  to  get  away  from  the 
cultural  and  academic  ideas  of  college  education. 

After  several  meetings  of  the  board  to  discuss  ways  and  means,  a 
professor  of  agriculture  was  appointed,  and  25  acres  of  the  uni- 
versity's land  were  set  aside  for  a  demonstration  farm.  Two  years 
later  no  students  in  agriculture  were  registered,  and  the  25-acre 
farm  was  still  in  process  of  development.  Until  1876  efforts  to 
develop  the  agricultural  department  were  continued  in  a  small  way, 
when  the  legislature,  seeing  the  lack  of  success,  began  to  consider 
other  means  of  using  the  land-grant  endowment,  which  finally  took 
definite  form  in  the  organization  of  the  college  of  agriculture  as  a 
separate  institution  in  1878. 

On  February  28,  1878,  the  legislature  incorporated  the  Agricul- 
tural and  Mechanical  College  of  Mississippi,  an  institution  for  white 
students,  and  endowed  it  with  one-half  of  the  income  from  the 
land-grant  fund.  The  State  university  was  deprived  of  this  income. 

Taking  advantage  of  the  provision  that  10  per  cent  of  the  capital 
of  the  fund  might  be  used  for  the  purchase  of  land,  $15,000  was 
used  to  purchase  property  in  Oktibbeha  County,  1^  miles  from 
Starkville,  for  the  site  of  the  agricultural  and  mechanical  college  for 
whites.  The  citizens  of  the  town  and  county  provided  $9,000 
additional.  Here  the  institution  was  opened  for  students  in  1880. 

The  deduction  for  the  purchase  of  land  was  charged  entirely 
against  the  half  interest  of  the  college  for  whites,  thus  reducing  its 


28  THE    LAND   GRANTS  AND   THE    LAND-GRANT   COLLEGES. 

capital  in  the  fund  to  $98,575,  at  which  figure  it  remains,  while 
Alcorn  receives  the  income  from  $113,575. 

The  entire  fund  is  held  in  the  State  treasury,  invested  in  State 
bonds  at  6  per  cent  and  due  in  1928.  The  Alcorn  Agricultural  and 
Mechanical  College  receives  an  income  from  the  fund  of  $6,814.50 
per  annum,  and  the  Mississippi  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College 
receives  $5,914  per  annum. 

Missouri. — The  State  University  was  established  by  act  of  the 
State  legislature,  approved  February  11,  1839.  The  institution  was 
located  at  Columbia  June  24  of  the  same  year.  In  the  spring  fol- 
lowing, instruction  in  academic  branches  began. 

On  March  10,  1863,  the  State  legislature  accepted  the  provisions 
of  the  act  of  Congress  granting  330,000  acres  to  the  State,  and  the 
usual  struggle  ensued  as  to  the  disposition  of  the  fund.  It  was  seven 
years  before  a  conclusion  was  reached.  On  February  24,  1870,  a 
bill  was  passed  establishing  an  agricultural  and  mechanical  college 
at  Columbia  and  a  school  of  mines  at  Holla,  both  as  departments  of 
the  University  of  Missouri.  Three-quarters  of  the  income  from  the 
fund  was  granted  to  the  agricultural  and  mechanical  college  and 
one-quarter  to  the  school  of  mines. 

The  lands  granted  were  selected  within  the  limits  of  the  State,  and, 
after  appraisal  by  the  board  of  curators,  almost  all  of  them  were 
sold.  During  the  management  of  the  lands  there  was  a  constant 
change  in  the  amount  of  acreage  belonging  to  the  State.  A  quantity 
of  the  land  was  located  along  projected  railways  at  double  minimum 
rates;  afterwards  the  routes  were  changed  and  allowances  were  made 
in  land  to  the  State  for  the  change  back  to  ordinary  minimum 
locations. 

On  February  6,  1889,  the  State  had  selected  329,651.46  acres  from 
the  grant  of  330,000  acres.  Of  this  land,  54,515.13  acres  were  double 
minimum;  there  had  been  deducted  errors  in  computation  amount- 
ing to  4,626.68  acres  to  the  disadvantage  of  the  State.  In  addition, 
160  acres  had  been  granted  twice,  while  586.34  acres  which  had  been 
approved  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  had  been  previously  sold 
to  other  parties.  These  various  items  aggregated  59,888.15  acres, 
giving  a  total  actual  receipt  in  lands  by  the  university  on  February 
6,  1889,  of  269,763.31  acres.  Since  that  date  there  have  been 
granted  to  the  State  the  following  additional  allotments: 

May  14,  1890,  5,228.86  acres,  after  deducting  120  acres  for  double 
minimum  selections. 

September  8,  1900,  2,000  acres;  and  April  13,  1907,  40  acres. 

This  makes  a  total  of  277,066.76  acres  which  have  actually  been 
received  by  the  State  and  university  under  the  terms  of  the  Federal 
grant  of  1862, 


THE    LAND  GRANTS  AND   THE    LAND-GRANT   COLLEGES.  29 

As  fast  as  the  lands  were  sold  the  proceeds  were  turned  into  the 
State  treasury,  and  certificates  of  indebtedness  were  issued  bearing  5 
per  cent  interest.  In  this  way  $349,881.19  of  the  fund  has  become 
part  of  the  irreducible  State  debt.  Under  a  constitutional  amend- 
ment adopted  in  1902  all  subsequent  sales  must  be  invested  in  munici- 
pal, county,  school  district,  or  drainage  bonds  of  Missouri.  These 
investments  in  1914  amounted  to  $16,000. 

The  interest  for  the  year  1914-15  was  $17,994.06  and  was  used  for 
the  two  colleges  in  the  proportion  provided  by  law. 

Montana. — On  February  16,  1893,  the  State  legislature  incor- 
porated the  Montana  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts  and 
placed  its  control  in  the  hands  of  the  State  board  of  education.  This 
board  also  controlled  the  State  university  and  other  State  institutions. 
The  actual  management  of  the  college  was  invested  in  an  executive 
board  of  five  members,  appointed  by  the  governor  with  the  consent 
of  the  board  of  education. 

The  board  of  education  located  the  college  at  Bozeman,  on  a 
tract  of  180  acres  presented  by  the  city  of  Bozeman  for  the  purpose. 
Work  was  begun  on  September  15,  1893,  in  the  buildings  of  the 
Bozeman  Academy  and  High  School. 

In  the  State  enabling  act  of  February  22,  1889,  Congress  conferred 
on  Montana  two  grants  of  land  in  aid  of  colleges  of  agriculture  and 
the  mechanic  arts.  One,  of  90,000  acres,  was  made  in  lieu  of  the 
grants  to  the  several  States  in  1862  and  was  therefore  subject  to  all 
the  conditions  of  the  1862  grant;  the  other,  of  50,000  acres,  was  a 
free  gift  conditioned  only  by  the  requirements  that  it  be  used  for  a 
college  of  agriculture  and  mechanic  arts  and  that  the  minimum  sale 
sale  price  be  $10  per  acre;  this  minimum  sale  price  applies  to  all  of 
Montana's  lands. 

All  the  State  lands  are  in  charge  of  a  State  board  of  land  commis- 
sioners, which  locates,  sells,  or  rents  them,  turning  the  proceeds  over 
to  the  State  treasurer  for  investment  for  the  use  of  the  college,  as  pro- 
vided by  law. 

The  State  legislature,  in  order  to  obtain  funds  for  the  construction 
of  college  buildings  and  noting  the  lack  of  specific  restrictions  on 
the  50,000-acre  grant,  voted  March  6,  1895,  to  authorize  the  State 
board  of  land  commissioners  to  issue  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $100,000, 
due  in  25  years,  with  the  50,000-acre  grant  as  security,  and  to  use  the 
proceeds  of  this  bond  issue  for  buildings  and  equipment  of  the  col- 
lege. Some  of  the  citizens  of  the  State  deemed  this  interpretation  of 
the  conditions  surrounding  the  grants  as  erroneous,  and  held  that 
both  grants  should  be  subject  to  the  restrictions  contained  in  the 
Federal  land-grant  act  of  1862.  The  case  was  taken  into  court,  but 
before  a  decision  could  be  reached  the  State  supreme  court  decided 
a  similar  case  regarding  the  normal  school  lands  (State  v.  Hairie,  vol. 


30 


THE    LAND   GRANTS  AND    THE   LAND-GRANT    COLLEGES. 


33,  Montana  Reports,  p.  365)  which  seemed  to  favor  the  contention 
of  those  persons  who  held  that  the  same  conditions  applied  to  both 
grants  and  that  the  50,000-acre  grant  had  been  illegally  bonded  for 
construction  purposes.  A  State  referendum  vote,  in  1908,  directed 
that  the  50,000-acre  grant  bonds  be  replaced  by  State  bonds  and  that 
both  grants  be  considered  as  subject  to  all  the  restrictions  contained 
in  the  Federal  land-grant  act  of  1862.  Since  that  time  the  two 
grants  have  been  considered  as  one  grant  of  140,000  acres. 

In  1912  it  was  discovered  that  a  part  of  the  capital  from  the 
140,000-acre  grants  had  been  invested  at  less  than  5  per  cent,  and 
that  the  income  had  been  charged  with  its  proportionate  share  of  the 
expenses  of  management.  These  errors  were  immediately  corrected. 
The  State  treasurer  on  order  of  the  State  board  of  land  commissioners 
on  January  4,  1912,  shifted  securities  amounting  to  $203,000,  using 
permanent  school  fund  bonds  for  the  purpose,  so  that  an  income  of 
5  per  cent  is  obtained  on  all  the  agricultural  college  fund.  The 
illegal  charge  for  management  was  corrected  by  the  legislature 
through  an  appropriation  of  $19,373.32  under  date  of  March  10,  1913, 
which  was  placed  to  the  credit  of  the  income  fund  of  the  agricultural 
college  grant. 

On  June  30,  1914,  the  report  of  the  State  board  of  land  commis- 
sioners shows  the  following  condition  of  the  grants: 

Condition  of  the  land  grant  in  1914 . 


Grants. 

Acres 
selected  and 
confirmed. 

Acres  sold. 

Acres  rented. 

90,000-acre  grant  
50,000-acre  grant 

88.  967.  75 
49,  986.  33 

18.835.36 
12  182  35 

66,503.92 

Total  

138,954.08 

31,017.71 

66,  503.  92 

Investment  of  the  capital. 


Grants  . 

Bond  invest- 
ments. 

Deferred 

payments  . 

Cash  on 
hand. 

Total. 

90,000-acre  grant.  .  . 

$72,493.27 

$21,910.34 

$94  403  61 

50  000-acre  grant 

87,  179.  38 

16  615  93 

103  795  31 

Both  grants  

$334,950.00 

334,950.00 

Total 

334,  950.  00 

159,  672.  65 

38  526  27 

533  148  92 

The  income  for  the  year  1914-15  was  as  follows: 

Income  from  rental  of  66,503.92  acres $8,  432.  10 

Interest  on  deferred  payments 6,  327.  21 

Interest  on  invested  funds 16,  934.  51 


Total 31,  693.  81 


THE    LAND   GRANTS  AND   THE    LAND-GRANT   COLLEGES.  31 

By  an  act  of  the  legislature,  approved  March  14,  1913,  the  univer- 
sity at  Missoula,  the  college  of  agriculture  and  mechanic  arts  at 
Bozeman,  the  school  of  mines  at  Butte,  the  State  normal  school  at 
Dillon,  and  all  institutions  of  higher  learning  which  may  be  estab- 
lished in  the  future  were  consolidated  to  form  the  University  of 
Montana. 

Nebraska. — From  the  first  Nebraska  devoted  all  its  efforts  to  build- 
ing up  one  collegiate  institution,  the  University  of  Nebraska. 

On  February  15,  1869,  the  University  of  Nebraska  was  established 
by  act  of  the  State  legislature,  the  trustees  being  authorized  to  es- 
tablish five  colleges  or  departments:  (1)  A  college  of  literature, 
science,  and  arts;  (2)  an  industrial  college,  embracing  agriculture, 
practical  science,  civil  engineering,  and  the  mechanic  arts;  (3)  a  col- 
lege of  law;  (4)  a  college  of  medicine;  and  (5)  a  college  of  fine  arts. 

In  1875  the  State  constitution  ratified  and  confirmed  this  law. 

In  1877,  and  again  in  1899,  the  State  legislature  amended  and 
revised  the  act  of  1869,  and  provided  the  charter  which,  with  slight 
changes  in  1909  and  1911,  still  governs  the  university.  The  uni- 
versity was  located  at  Lincoln. 

Under  the  amendments  of  1909  the  Industrial  College  was  expanded 
into  two  departments,  a  college  of  engineering  and  a  college  of  agri- 
culture, including  the  school  of  agriculture  at  Lincoln. 

By  the  land-grant  act  of  1862  Nebraska  received  90,000  acres  for 
the  agricultural  college.  This  was  accepted  by  the  State  legislature 
and  granted  to  the  university.  A  commission  was  appointed  in  1867 
to  select  the  lands  which  were  to  be  leased  at  6  per  cent  of  their 
appraised  value  or  to  be  sold  at  public  auction  to  the  person  sub- 
mitting the  highest  bid  over  and  above  a  fixed  minimum  value;  at 
first  this  minimum  was  set  at  $5  per  acre,  but  later  it  was  raised  to  $7. 

All  the  State's  educational  lands  are  under  the  control  of  a  State 
board  of  educational  land  and  funds  which  handles  the  rentals  and 
sales,  turning  over  the  proceeds  to  the  State  treasurer.  Two  funds 
are  maintained.  The  first,  composed  of  all  the  receipts  from  the  sale 
of  lands,  is  invested  in  interest-bearing  securities.  On  November  30, 
1914,  the  State  auditor  reported  the  investment  of  this  permanent 
fund  as  follows :  . 

Agricultural  college  endowment  fund. 

3  per  cent  bonds $20,  000 

3^  per  cent  bonds 101,  000 

'4  per  cent  bonds 194,  000 

4i  per  cent  bonds 83,  700 

5  per  cent  bonds 155,  500 

Total  bonds 554,  200 

Normal  school  fund  warrants  at  5  per  cent .  . . . ' 2,  595 

Cash  on  hand  uninvested 3,  277 


Total  fund 560, 072 


S2  THE    LAND   GRANTS   AND    THE    LAND-GRANT    COLLEGES. 

The  other  fund,  called  ll  University  income  fund/'  is  composed  of 
the  interest  on  the  invested  funds  both  of  the  agricultural  college  and 
the  university  grants,  interest  on  unpaid  purchase  money  for  land, 
rentals  of  lands,  and  bank  interest  on  daily  balances.  For  the  year 
1913-14  the  university  reported  an  income  on  this  fund  of  $31,096.84. 

The  tendency  to  pay  more  careful  attention  to  the  5  per  cent  re- 
quirement in  investments  is  shown  in  the  report  of  the  State  treasurer 
for  1915—16.  Permanent  funds  have  been  reinvested  at  increased 
rates,  so  that  the  fund  yields  an  income  of  $47,427.45,  with  the 
following  schedule  of  investments: 

3  per  cent  bonds $20, 000 

3^  per  cent  bonds 60,  000 

4  per  cent  bonds 104,  000 

4$  per  cent  bonds 127, 100 

5  per  cent  bonds 251,  700 

5J  per  cent  bonds 5, 000 

6  per  cent  bonds 7,  700 

Total  investments 575,  500 

Nevada  was  created  a  State  by  act  of  Congress  approved  March  21, 

1864.  The  first  State  legislature  passed  a  bill,  approved  March  19, 

1865,  for  the  establishment  of  an  agricultural  and  mechanical  college 
to  be  located  in  Washoe  County.     This  college,  however,  failed  to 
materialize. 

On  July  4,  1866,  an  act  of  Congress  granted  to  Nevada  72  sections 
of  land  for  the  university  and  90,000  acres,  in  lieu  of  the  original 
1862  land  grant  to  the  States,  for  the  college  of  agriculture  and  the 
mechanic  arts.  This  act  further  provided  that  the  income  from  the 
90,000-acre  grant  might  be  diverted  to  the  use  of  the  school  of  mines. 

Although  Nevada  immediately  received  the  land  grants  to  estab- 
lish its  higher  educational  institutions,  there  was  so  little  demand 
for  a  college  that  nothing  was  done  for  some  years  toward  the  actual 
opening  of  such  an  institution.  On  March  8,  1873,  the  legislature 
provided  for  the  establishment  of  the  university  and  named  Elko  as 
its  site.  Here,  on  October  12,  1874,  the  preparatory  department 
began  work.  The  school  of  mines  was  opened  in  1882.  On  March  7, 
1885,  the  legislature  authorized  the  removal  of  the  institution  to 
Reno,  where  it  was  reopened  on  March  31,  1886,  with  37  students  in 
the  preparatory  and  mining  departments.  In  September  of  the  fol- 
lowing year  all  the  remaining  departments  were  transferred  to  Reno.. 

From  the  first  the  university  has  been  the  only  State  collegiate 
institution  and  has  embraced  the  departments  of  agriculture,  me- 
chanic arts,  and  mining,  as  well  as  the  usual  college  courses.  As 
might  be  expected,  the  mining  interests  for  many  years  dominated 
other  scientific  subjects,  and  only  in  recent  years  has  the  college  of 
agriculture  been  developed  to  any  considerable  extent.  In  1895 


THE   LAND  GBANTS  AND   THE   LAND-GBANT  COLLEGES.  33 

schools  of  mechanical  and  civil  engineering  were  introduced,  which 
have  now  been  combined  with  the  school  of  mines  to  form  the  college 
of  engineering. 

The  management  of  the  90,000-acre  grant  was  intrusted  to  the 
board  of  regents  of  the  State  university. 

By  an  act  of  Congress  approved  March  16,  1872,  the  time  for 
accepting  the  grant  and  establishing  the  college  by  the  State  of  Nevada 
was  extended  to  May  10,  1877,  and  on  December  31,  1878,  the  trustees 
reported  that  part  of  the  90, 000- acre  grant  had  been  sold  for 
$45,395.38,  none  of  which  was  invested. 

I  On  December  31,  1882,  the  capital  of  the  fund  was  $62,412.54,  of 
\&iich  $17,000  was  invested  in  Nevada  State  bonds,  issue  of  1881, 
afed  $35,000  in  United  States  bonds  at  4  per  cent,  with  $10,412.54 
uninvested.  In  addition  to  the  interest  on  these  investments  there 
was  considerable  interest  on  contracts  for  the  sale  of  land.  The  full 
capital  of  the  fund  was  composed  of  two  items,  amounts  actually 
paid  in  from  the  sale  of  lands  and  amounts  outstanding  in  the  form 
of  unpaid  purchase  money  bearing  a  good  rate  of  interest  and  secured 
by  the  lands  themselves.  In  handling  the  funds  it  was  believed  that 
any  deficit  below  the  required  5  per  cent  in  the  interest  from  invested 
Mnds  could  be  made  up  by  any  excess  above  5  per  cent  in  the  inter- 
effr  cm  outstanding  purchase  money,  and  that  only  a  net  5  per  cent 
return  on  the  total  capital  was  required  by  the  act  of  Congress. 

From  1883  to  1899  the  reports  of  the  treasurer  of  the  university 
do  not  mention  either  principal  or  interest  of  the  90, 000- acre  grant; 
the  interest  was  evidently  collected  by  the  State  treasurer  and  in- 
cluded with  general  State  funds,  while  the  legislature,  in  making  its 
annual  appropriations  for  the  support  of  the  university,  was  considered 
to  have  included  this  interest  without  specific  mention  to  that  effect, 
and  the  treasurer  of  the  university  did  not  distinguish  such  interest 
from  other  State  funds  in  his  accounts. 

On  December  31,  1899,  the  fund  was  again  reported  as  principal 
of  the  90,000-acre  grant,  $128,600,  with  the  statement  that  "it  has 
about  reached  its  maximum,"  evidently  because  all  the  lands  were 
sold.  This  report  was  not  strictly  accurate,  as  the  principal  from 
the  grant  of  72  sections  for  a  university  was  evidently  included. 
The  fund  was  invested  in  United  States  and  Nevada  State  bonds, 
the  interest  going  to  the  State  treasurer  and  being  reappropriated 
as  in  previous  years  by  the  State  legislature.  The  interest  was  given 
ate  $5,144,  or  about  4  per  cent  on  the  principal. 

On  June  30,  1915,  the  capital  of  the  fund  was  reported  at  $107,- 
363.73,  a  reduction  of  $21,236.27  from  the  report  of  1899,  which  is 
evidently  due  to  the  omission  of  the  capital  of  the  university  grant. 
The  interest  remains  about  4  per  cent,  amounting  to  $4,263.16. 


34  THE    LAND   GRANTS  AND   THE   LAND-GRANT   COLLEGES. 

Owing  to  the  way  in  which  this  fund  has  been  confused  with  others 
during  its  management,  a  careful  and  detailed  investigation  and 
computation  will  be  necessary  to  determine  what  amounts  are  in 
default  from  underinvestment  and  from  failure  to  turn  over  all 
interest  to  the  university. 

New  Hampshire. — The  New  Hampshire  College  of  Agriculture  and 
the  Mechanic  Arts  was  organized  as  a  part  of  Dartmouth  College  by 
act  of  the  State  legislature  approved  June  7,  1866.  Four  of  the  nine 
trustees  were  appointed  by  the  trustees  of  Dartmouth  College.  The 
college  was  opened  for  students  September  4,  1868,  at  Hanover. 

Three  years  previous  to  its  incorporation  the  legislature,  July  9, 
1863,  had  accepted  the  land  grant  under  the  act  of  1862,  bringing 
150,000  acres  in  scrip  to  New  Hampshire. 

In  1867  the  scrip  was  put  on  the  market  and  sold  for  $80,000, 
which  was  invested  in  New  Hampshire  State  bonds  at  6  per  cent. 
In  1884  and  1885  these  bonds  matured,  and  the  legislature  created  an 
agricultural  college  fund  as  part  of  the  irreducible  State  debt.  The 
State  pays  6  per  cent  interest  on  this  fund,  giving  a  yearly  income  of 
$4,800  to  the  college. 

The  college  remained  affiliated  with  Dartmouth  College  until  1903, 
when  it  was  moved  from  Hanover  to  an  independent  site  at  Durham. 
This  action  was  made  possible  by  Mr.  Benjamin  Thompson,  who  left 
in  his  will  his  entire  farm  and  practically  all  his  property  to  the 
college. 

In  1910  the  college  began  to  receive  the  income  from  the  Thompson 
endowment  of  nearly  $800,000.  Besides  the  land-grant  fund  of  1862 
it  receives  the  annual  appropriation  under  the  second  Morrill  Act 
and  the  appropriations  in  aid  of  agricultural  experiment  stations  and 
for  extension  work. 

New  Jersey. — Rutgers  College  received  a  royal  charter  as  Queens 
College  on  November  10,  1766.  A  second  charter  was  granted  on 
March  20,  1770.  In  1771  the  college  work  was  started  at  New  Bruns- 
wick, and  in  1808  the  present  site  was  acquired.  In  1825  the  name 
of  the  institution  was  changed  by  the  State  legislature  to  Rutgers 
College  in  honor  of  Col.  Henry  Rutgers,  of  New  York  City,  a  generous 
benefactor. 

The  college  began  with  the  traditional  classical  course,  which  it  has 
always  maintained.  April  4,  1864,  the  trustees  organized  science 
courses,  and  the  college  was  declared  by  the  State  legislature  to  be 
the  State  college  for  the  benefit  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts 
and  the  beneficiary  of  the  1862  land-grant  fund. 

The  endowment  of  210,000  acres  in  scrip  was  accepted  by  the 
State  legislature  March  21,  1863.  It  was  sold  by  a  special  commis- 
sion appointed  by  the  legislature,  bringing  $115,945.95,  to  which  the 
trustees  of  Rutgers  College  added  $54.05  to  make  an  even  $116,000, 


THE    LAND   GRANTS  AND   THE    LAND-GEANT   COLLEGES.  35 

which  was  then  invested  in  6  per  cent  State  bonds.  As  these  bonds 
matured  the  capital  was  turned  in  to  the  State  sinking  fund  and  made 
part  of  the  irreducible  State  debt.  The  State  now  pays  5  per  cent 
interest  on  this  fund  to  Rutgers  College  under  a  law  passed  in  1896 
(Gen.  Stat.  N.  J.,  1896,  sees.  54,  55,  and  56). 

New  Mexico. — On  February  28,  1889,  the  Territorial  legislature 
founded  the  college  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts  at  Mesilla 
Park  and  designated  it  as  the  beneficiary  of  all  grants  to  the  State 
in  aid  of  colleges  of  agriculture  and  mechanic  arts.  It  opened  for 
its  first  session  March  10,  1890. 

On  June  21,  1898,  Congress  granted  to  New  Mexico  100,000  acres  of 
land  for  the  agricultural  college,  and  again,  in  the  State  enabling  act, 
150,000  acres  in  lieu  of  the  grants  made  to  the  several  States  under 
the  act  of  1862. 

The  receipts  from  the  150,000-acre  grant  compose  the  capital  of 
the  agricultural  college  endowment  fund. 

All  State  lands  are  handled  by  a  State  land  commission  which 
turns  over  the  proceeds  from  sale  or  rental  to  the  State  treasurer. 
The  treasurer  is  required  by  law  to  keep  the  proceeds  of  each  grant  in 
a  separate  account.  A  minimum  sale  price  of  $3  and  $5  per  acre, 
depending  on  the  character  of  the  land,  has  been  fixed  by  law,  or 
lands  may  be  rented  at  an  appraised  value.  Up  to  June  30,  1915, 
none  of  the  150,000-acre  grant  had  been  sold  or  rented  and  no  income 
had  been  derived  from  it  for  the  benefit  of  the  college. 

New  York. — In  1903  the  trustees  of  Cornell  University  caused  to 
be  prepared  a  most  careful  and  elaborate  history  of  the  1862  land 
grant  and  its  relation  to  Cornell  University.  The  following  facts  are 
taken  from  this  work,  called :  ' '  The  history  of  the  agricultural  college 
land-grant  act  of  July  2,  1862,  devoted  largely  to  the  history  of  the 
land  scrip  which,  under  the  grant,  was  allotted  to  the  State  of  New 
York  and  afterwards  given  to  Cornell  University."  Samuel  Dumont 
Halliday,  1905,  Ithaca  Democrat  Press. 

The  New  York  State  Legislature  accepted  the  grant  May  5,  1863. 
and  instructed  the  State  comptroller  to  sell  the  990,000  acres  in  scrip. 
Immediately  a  contest  arose  in  the  legislature  between  the  friends  of 
the  State  agricultural  college  at  Ovid  and  the  Peoples'  College  at 
Havana  as  to  which  should  receive  the  grant.  At  first  the  Peoples' 
College  received  it,  but  many  objections  were  raised  and  a  long  fight 
culminated  in  the  establishment  of  a  new  institution,  called  Cornell 
University,  and  endowment  of  the  new  college  with  the  land-grant 
fund. 

New  York  actually  received  989,920  acres  in  scrip,  which  was  imme- 
diately put  on  the  market  and  some  of  it  was  sold  in  small  lots.  The 
balance  was  purchased  by  Mr.  Cornell  under  his  famous  funding  plan. 


36  THE    LAND   GRANTS  AND   THE   LAND-GRANT  COLLEGES. 

The  courts  of  New  York  have  now  determined  that  the  agricul- 
tural college  land-scrip  fund  consists  of  the  money  originally  paid  for 
the  scrip  by  Mr.  Cornell  and  others,  and  amounts  to  $688,576.12. 
In  1894  the  legislature  ordered  this  sum  turned  in  to  general  State 
funds  and  a  perpetual  certificate  of  indebtedness  to  be  issued  bearing 
interest  at  5  per  cent. 

The  resale  of  the  scrip  under  the  plan  devised  by  Mr.  Cornell  has 
been  very  profitable  to  Cornell  University.  On  August  1,  1913,  the 
Cornell  endowment  fund  and  the  Cornell  reserve  fund,  which  include 
the  endowment  obtained  through  the  resale  of  the  land  scrip, 
amounted  together  to  $5,460,038.96. 

North  Carolina. — By  a  joint  resolution  of  the  general  assembly, 
adopted  February  22,  1866,  North  Carolina's  quota  of  270,000  acres 
in  scrip  was  accepted  on  behalf  of  the  State.  On  February  11,  1867, 
this  scrip  was  transferred  to  the  trustees  of  the  University  of  North 
Carolina,  to  be  used  by  them  in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  the 
grant;  at  the  same  time  State  scholarships  were  provided,  one  for 
each  county. 

This  action  was  of  great  assistance  to  the  university  at  a  time  when 
it  was  actually  destitute  and  heavily  in  debt.  Its  comparatively 
large  endowment  for  those  days  of  about  $200,000  had  been  swept 
away  because  of  the  war,  and  it  had  not  been  possible  to  pay  the 
instructors  even  a  part  of  their  salaries ; l  the  need  for  money  was 
imperative  and  the  land-grant  fund  was  the  only  negotiable  thing 
available.  Accordingly,  the  trustees  put  the  scrip  on  the  market 
and  entered  into  an  agreement  with  G.  F.  Lewis  and  his  associates, 
Fisher,  Boo  the  &  Co.,  for  its  sale  at  the  market  price,  50  cents  per 
acre,  $135,000  in  all.  It  was  an  unfortunate  time  to  sell;  scrip  was 
plentiful  and  the  market  price  was  low;  three  times  this  sum  could 
have  been  obtained  by  holding  off  a  few  months,  but  the  need  was 
pressing.  Congress,  also,  had  passed  a  law  preventing  the  location 
of  the  land  called  for  by  the  scrip  until  after  the  State  should  be 
reconstructed,  and  no  one  knew  how  long  this  might  hold  up  the 
sale;  meanwhile  Lewis  offered  a  substantial  payment  and  offered  it 
in  cash.  The  trustees  took  the  only  course  that  seemed  available  to 
save  the  institution.  The  deal  was  closed;  Lewis  paid  down  $10,000, 
which  was  immediately  used  for  the  most  pressing  wants  of  the 
university;  the  scrip  was  deposited  in  escrow  with  the  Bank  of  the 
Republic  in  New  York,  to  be  delivered  to  Lewis  when  Congress 
should  permit  the  locating  of  the  lands  and  when  Lewis  should  have 
paid  the  balance  of  the  purchase  price. 

The  Federal  land-grant  act  allowed  the  legislature  to  authorize  the 
use  of  1 0  per  cent  of  the  capital  of  the  fund  for  the  purchase  of  land 

i  The  debts  were  $103,000,  besides  $7,000  arrears  of  salaries .  To  pay  these  there  were  2,000  shares  of  worth- 
less bank  stock,  $25,000  of  equally  worthless  Confederate  securities,  and  a  small  amount  of  other  securities, 
very  little  paying  interest.  For  a  whole  year  the  only  receipts  from  this  source  were  $25. 


THE    LAND   GRANTS  AND   THE    LAND-GRANT   COLLEGES.  37 

for  an  agricultural  college.  The  records  of  the  trustees  show  that 
they  realized  the  illegality  of  their  action  in  using  the  cash  payment 
for  settlement  of  needed  salaries.  They  expected,  however,  that  the 
legislature  would  subsequently  ratify  their  action  and  permit  the  use 
of  10  per  cent  of  the  fund  in  the  purchase  of  land  for  the  college.  It 
was  argued  that,  since  the  university  furnished  its  lands  and  buildings 
for  the  agricultural  work,  it  was  allowable  to  transfer  this  10  per  cent 
of  the  capital  of  the  land-grant  fund  to  the  general  fund  of  the  uni- 
versity in  payment  for  the  university's  land.  Of  course  after  being 
transferred  to  the  general  fund,  the  money  could  be  used  in  any  way 
that  seemed  most  desirable.  In  this  action  the  trustees  clearly  mis- 
interpreted the  Federal  act,  for  the  language  of  the  1862  land-grant 
act  does  not  permit  a  sale  of  land  to  be  implied  where  there  is  no 
actual  transfer  of  title.  In  this  case  there  was  no  real  sale;  the 
institution  retained  full  title  to  its  property  and  simply  used  part  of 
it  for  this  form  of  instruction. 

In  1868,  before  the  board's  action  could  be  approved  by  the  legis- 
lature, a  new  board,  opposed  politically  to  the  previous  board,  came 
into  control  of  the  institution.  One  of  its  first  acts  was  to  investi- 
gate the  sale  of  the  land  scrip.  It  then  tried  to  prevent  the  culmin- 
ation of  the  deal.  Lewis  was  notified  that  the  university  revoked 
its  previous  agreement,  and  the  Bank  of  the  Republic  was  ordered 
not  to  deliver  the  scrip.  In  all  several  hundred  dollars  were  spent 
on  lawyers  and  other  expenses  in  vain.  Although  the  market  price 
of  scrip  had  advanced  to  about  $1.40  per  acre,  it  was  held  that  the 
agreement  was  fair  and  binding.  The  scrip  was  turned  over  to 
Lewis,  and  $125,000  came  to  the  trustees  for  investment. 

The  new  board  of  trustees,  appointed  by  the  board  of  education 
of  the  State,  invested  this  amount  as  follows :  Forty  thousand  dollars 
of  old  North  Carolina  Railway  State  bonds,  $40,000  of  new  State 
bonds,  $160,000  of  special  tax  bonds. 

Altogether  these  bonds  cost  $119,000,  leaving  $6,000  to  be  sub- 
sequently disposed  of  by  the  board. 

Although  the  university  was  now  open,  the  financial  situation  was 
not  improved.  The  investment  of  the  land-grant  fund  brought  no 
income,  as  the  interest  on  the  bonds  was  defaulted.  Owing  to  the 
general  opposition  throughout  the  State  to  the  new  administration 
of  the  university,  few  students  enrolled;  in  June,  1869,  there  were  10 
students;  in  1870  there  were  25 — 9  in  college,  15  in  preparatory,  and 
1  in  irregular  classes. 

Meanwhile  the  State  bonds  had  been  hypothecated  as  securitv  for 
loans  to  pay  salaries  and  expenses,  and  the  general  assembly  declared 
the  special  tax  bonds  void.  This  was  the  climax;  with  no  funds  and 
almost  no  students,  the  institution  closed  its  doors  in  February, 
1870,  to  remain  closed  until  the  reorganization  of  1875. 


38  THE    LAND   GRANTS   AND    THE    LAND-GRANT    COLLEGES. 

In  1874  the  trustees  appointed  by  the  board  of  education  in  1868 
having  been  removed  by  an  amendment  to  the  State  constitution, 
a  board  was  elected  by  the  general  assembly.  This  board  reported 
on  the  condition  of  the  fund  and  asked  the  assistance  of  the  legis- 
lature in  carrying  out  the  provisions  under  which  the  scrip  had  been 
accepted  by  the  State.1  The  general  assembly  of  1874-75  directed 
the  State  treasurer  to  issue  to  the  trustees  of  the  university  a  certifi- 
cate of  indebtedness  for  $125,000,  bearing  interest  from  January  l} 
1875,  at  6  per  cent,  payable  semiannually. 

In  1875  the  trustees,  aided  by  private  subscriptions,  opened  the 
university  with  7  professors  and  69  students. 

About  1880  the  national  movement  toward  agricultural  instruc- 
tion began  to  produce  in  North  Carolina  a  sentiment  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  separate  school  of  agriculture.  This  sentiment  was 
quickened  in  1887  by  the  prospects  of  national  aid.  On  March  7, 
1885,  the  State  legislature  had  authorized  the  State  board  of  agri- 
culture to  seek  a  location  for  an  industrial  school ;  after  consideration 
of  several  sites  the  one  offered  at  Raleigh  was  selected.  But  mean- 
while the  plans  of  the  friends  of  the  school  had  broadened  and 
resulted  in  the  incorporation  of  a  college  of  agriculture  and  mechanic 
arts  in  1887.  In  addition,  the  general  assembly  ordered  that  the 
interest  arising  from  the  land-grant  fund  should  be  transferred  from 
the  university  to  the  new  college  of  agriculture  and  mechanic  arts 
as  soon  as  the  latter  should  be  ready  to  begin  the  work  of  instruction. 

The  college  opened  its  doors  in  October,  1889,  and  received  the 
income  from  the  1862  land-grant  fund. 

North  Dakota.—  At  the  time  North  Dakota  was  admitted  to  the 
Union,  90,000  acres  of  land  were  granted  to  it  in  lieu  of  the  grants 
to  the  other  States  under  the  act  of  1862,  together  with  an  additional 
grant  of  40,000  acres  for  the  same  purpose,  making  in  all  130,000 
acres  for  the  college  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts. 

None  of  this  land  may  be  sold  for  less  than  $10  per  acre.  The  care 
of  both  the  lands  and  the  funds  derived  from  them  is  carefully 'pro- 
vided for  in  the  constitution  of  the  State  and  in  the  acts  of  the  first 
legislative  assembly. 

In  an  act  approved  March  8,  1890,  amended  in  1891,  the  State 
legislature  established  an  agricultural  college  on  land  provided  in  the 
State  enabling  act  for  that  purpose  at  Fargo.  Besides  providing  for 
a  board  of  trustees  and  method  of  government,  and  endowing  the 
college  with  the  Federal  grants  for  agricultural  colleges,  the  act 
appropriated  $25,000  for  the  construction  of  the  first  buildings. 

The  first  classes  met  in  rented  quarters  on  September  8,  1891,  and 
it  was  not  until  January  5,  1892,  that  full  college  work  was  begun  in 

1  The  act  of  Congress  required  the  State  to  replace  losses. 


THE    LAND   GRANTS  AND    THE    LAND-GRANT   COLLEGES.  39 

the  new  buildings.  Preparatory,  freshman,  and  special  classes  were 
opened. 

Since  that  time  progress  has  been  steady.  The  State  has  provided 
for  new  buildings  and  for  the  support  of  the  institution,  and  has 
supplemented  the  funds  derived  from  the  Federal  land  grants  and 
appropriations  with  liberal  State  appropriations. 

The  grant  of  130,000  acres  of  land  was  placed  under  the  admin- 
istration of  a  board  of  university  and  school  lands  and  has  been 
handled  in  the  usual  way  of  rental  and  sale. 

The  report  of  the  commissioner  of  university  and  school  lands 
shows  the  following  condition  of  the  grant  on  June  30,  1914: 

Land  account. 

Total  number  of  acres  granted,  agricultural  college  fund 130,  000.  00 

Acres  located  and  confirmed  1 129,  839. 18 

Acres  sold,  some  on  time  contracts 93,  819. 49 

Acres  unsold  2 36, 019.  69 

Permanent  fund,  capital. 

Total  sale  price,  a  part  unpaid  but  drawing  interest $1,  220,  469.  02 

Paid  in  and  invested  in  bonds 455,  924.  54 

Since  1912  the  investments  have  been  at  5  per  cent,  about  $141,000 
having  been  put  out  at  this  rate.  Before  1912  some  money  was 
erroneously  loaned  at  4  per  cent,  but  as  bonds  become  due  all  funds 
are  being  reinvested  at  5  per  cent.  On  July  1,  1914,  there  was  an 
uninvested  cash  balance  on  hand  of  $52,310.63. 

Income  account,  biennium  1912-14. 

Interest  and  penalties  on  outstanding  sales  contracts $86, 141. 84 

Rentals  of  lands  and  privileges 5,  903. 05 

Interest  on  invested  funds  (bonds) 31,  231.  90 

Total  biennial  income  for  college 123,  276.  79 

In  an  act  approved  March  4,  1915,  a  State  board  of  regents  of 
five  members  was  created  to  control  the  university,  the  agricultural 
college,  the  State  normal  school,  and  all  other  State  institutions  of 
higher  education.  This  board  supersedes  the  local  board  of  control 
of  each  institution. 

Ohio. — Under  the  act  of  July  2,  1862,  Ohio  received  630,000  acres 
in  scrip.  The  State  legislature  assented  to  the  act  on  February  9, 
1864,  and  on  April  13,  1865,  appointed  a  commission  composed  of 
the  State  auditor,  treasurer,  and  secretary  of  state  to  advertise  and 
sell  the  scrip  for  the  best  price  offered,  not  less  than  80  cents  per 
acre.  Ohio  received  actually  629,920  acres  in  scrip. 

1  The  balance  has  since  been  located. 

2  Some  of  the  unsold  lands  are  rented;  there  is  no  report  on  this  number  of  acres. 


40  THE    LAND   GRANTS  AND    THE    LAND-GRANT   COLLEGES. 

There  was  so  much  scrip  on  the  market  at  the  time  that  only 
11,360  acres  were  thus  sold;  consequently,  the  instructions  were 
amended  and  the  restrictions  on  price  removed  by  an  act  approved 
April  15,  1866.  This  act  also  provided  that  all  the  proceeds  from 
sales  should  be  paid  in  to  the  State  treasury  and  to  constitute  part 
of  the  State  debt  on  which  6  per  cent  interest  would  be  paid  to  the 
college.  Soon  aU  the  scrip  was  disposed  of,  bringing  from  53  to  82 
cents  per  acre;  a  total  of  $340,906.80  was  realized  for  the  entire 
amount  of  629,920  acres. 

In  the  management  of  the  fund  the  interest  is  computed  semi- 
annually;  that  which  is  not  drawn  by  the  coUege  for  support  is  re- 
turned to  the  State  treasury  and  credited  to  the  principal  of  the 
fund.  In  this  way  the  fund  has  gradually  increased,  so  that  on  June 
30,  1915,  it  amounted  to  $524,176.50.  The  State  pays  6  per  cent 
interest  on  this  capital  for  the  benefit  01  Ohio  State  University. 

After  the  acceptance  of  the  scrip  with  its  attached  conditions 
a  discussion,  lasting  until  1870,  went  on  in  the  State  legislature 
regarding  the  founding  of  the  college.  Several  plans  were  proposed 
and  rejected;  one  was  to  divide  the  fund  between  Miami  University 
and  a  new  college  to  be  established  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State; 
another  proposed  to  endow  the  already  organized  Farmers  College 
with  the  entire  grant ;  still  another  was  to  unite  Ohio  University  and 
Miami  University  into  one  strong  State  university  and  to  endow  the 
institution  with  the  grant.  However,  all  plans  culminated  in  the 
act  of  March  22,  1870,  whereby  the  Ohio  Agricultural  and  Mechanical 
College  was  incorporated. 

The  trustees  were  authorized  to  locate  the  college — 

upon  land,  not  less  than  100  acres,  which  in  their  judgment  is  best  suited  to  the  wants 
and  purposes  of  said  institution,  the  same  being  reasonably  central  in  the  State  and 
accessible  by  railroad  from  different  parts  thereof. 

After  carefully  considering  several  propositions,  they  selected  a 
location  near  Columbus  (now  within  the  corporate  limits  of  the  city) 
on  a  site  of  325  acres  costing  $117,508.  Franklin  County  provided 
$300,000  in  7  per  cent  bonds;  and  citizens  of  Columbus,  together 
with  two  railroads,  supplied  $28,000  more.  Building  operations 
were  begun  at  once  and  on  September  7,  1873,  the  institution  opened 
its  doors  to  students. 

In  1878  the  legislature  reorganized  the  college  and  changed  its 
name  to  Ohio  State  University.  It  receives  all  the  Federal  aid  to  the 
State  for  colleges  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts. 

Oklahoma. — The  first  legislature  of  the  Territory  of  Oklahoma  on 
December  25,  1890,  adopted  a  resolution  accepting  the  conditions 
of  the  second  Morrill  Act  of  1890  and  establishing  an  agricultural 
and  mechanical  college  at  Stillwater  in  Payne  County.  The  county 
provided  $10,000  in  bonds  for  the  college.  The  law  provided  that  the 


THE   LAND   GRANTS  AND   THE   LAND-GRANT  COLLEGES.  41 

State  board  of  agriculture  should  be  the  board  of  regents.  The 
Oklahoma  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  opened  its  doors  to 
students  in  the  fall  of  1891. 

In  the  State  enabling  act  of  1906  Congress  granted  to  the  State, 
for  the  agricultural  and  mechanical  college  and  for  the  colored 
agricultural  and  normal  university,  one-third  of  the  thirteenth  section 
grant,  and  for  the  agricultural  and  mechanical  college  alone,  250,000 
acres  of  land. 

It  does  not  appear  that  either  of  these  grants  was  in  lieu  of  the 
grants  to  the  States  under  the  act  of  1862,  or  that  they  had  any  of 
the  conditions  of  the  1862  grant  attached  to  them.  The  grant  of 
250,000  acres  was  a  gift  to  the  new  State  restricted  only  by  the 
condition  that  it  should  be  used  for  the  benefit  of  a  college  of  agri- 
culture and  mechanic  arts.  Undoubtedly  this  freedom  from  re- 
striction was  due  to  the  fact  that  Oklahoma,  by  accepting  the  second 
Morrill  Act  of  1890  in  its  territorial  convention,  had  bound  itself  to 
practically  all  the  conditions  as  to  the  character  of  instruction  con- 
tained in  the  first  Morrill  Act  of  1862  except  that  of  required  military 
training. 

All  the  lands  of  the  State  are  under  the  control  of  the  commissioners 
of  the  land  office  of  Oklahoma.  The  250,000  acres  of  the  agricultural 
and  mechanical  college  grant  are  administered  with  other  lands  for 
college  purposes  in  a  fund  called  "New  college  funds."  They  have 
been  handled  by  sale  and  lease  with  great  profit  to  the  State  and 
college,  the  proceeds  being  invested  in  bonds  and  farm  loans  so  that  a 
substantial  income  is  regularly  available  for  appropriation  by  the 
legislature  to  the  use  of  the  agricultural  and  mechanical  college. 

In  1916  all  of  the  250,000-acre  grant  had  been  located  and  con- 
firmed, but  61,605.72  acres  were  unsold.  Some  of  the  lands  had  been 
sold,  but  reverted  to  the  State  through  nonpayment  of  installments. 
There  was  an  accumulated  capital  of  $103,482.72  represented  by 
bonds  and  cash  on  hand,  while  $732,155.55  were  represented  in 
deferred  payments  at  5  per  cent  interest. 

Oregon. — The  Legislature  of  Oregon  duly  accepted  the  agricultural 
college  grant  of  90,000  acres,  and  by  act  of  October  27,  1868, 
appointed  a  committee  of  three  citizens  to  locate  the  lands.  The 
committee  reported  in  July,  1870,  that  there  had  been  located  and 
confirmed  89,907.78  acres.  In  the  same  year  the  legislature  con- 
ferred the  endowment  on  a  private  corporation  called  Corvallis  Col- 
lege, designating  it  as  the  State  college  of  agriculture. 

The  board  of  school  land  commissioners  was  authorized  to  sell  the 
lands  for  not  less  than  $2.50  per  acre,  the  proceeds  to  be  loaned  at 
not  less  than  10  per  cent  interest  on  the  security  of  real  estate  mort- 
gages. All  interest  was  to  be  turned  in  to  the  State  treasury  for  the 
support  of  the  agricultural  college.  In  1882  the  rate  of  interest  was 


42  THE    LAND   GRANTS   AND   THE   LAND-GRANT  COLLEGES. 

reduced  to  8  per  cent,  and  in  1889  to  6  per  cent.  The  capital  of  the 
fund  is  retained  by  the  State  treasurer,  subject  to  withdrawal  for 
investment  as  above. 

For  a  long  time  Corvallis  College  received  little  or  no  income  from 
the  fund,  as  few  sales  and  no  investments  were  made.  It  was  aided, 
however,  by  direct  State  appropriations.  In  return  for  these  the 
legislature  imposed  restrictions  on  the  management  of  the  college, 
and  finally,  in  response  to  a  demand  that  the  State  own  its  own 
college,  the  legislature  on  February  11,  1885,  took  over  Corvallis 
College  and  reorganized  it  as  a  State  college  under  the  name  of 
Oregon  Agricultural  College. 

The  89,907.78  acres  composing  the  agricultural  college  endowment 
were  sold  slowly.  Located  in  1870,  there  was  no  income  from  them 
for  many  years;  in  1883-84  the  college  treasurer  reported  an  income 
of  $7,920.28  from  interest  and  rentals,  but  failed  to  report  the  amount 
of  capital;  in  1891-92  the  income  was  $9,717.42.  On  June  30, 1915, 
the  college  reported  all  but  920  acres  of  the  grant  sold.  The  capital 
was  given  as  $202,113.99,  invested  in  6  per  cent  securities  and  giving 
an  annual  income  of  $11,267.08. 

Pennsylvania.— The  origin  of  an  agricultural  college  in  Pennsyl- 
vania dates  back  to  April  13,  1854,  when  an  act  of  the  legislature  was 
passed  incorporating  the  Farmers'  High  School  of  Pennsylvania. 
The  petitioners  for  the  act  included  the  governor  of  the  Common- 
wealth and  the  members  of  the  State  board  of  agriculture.  The  next 
move  was  on  February  22,  1855,  when  another  charter  was  granted 
and  organization  effected  shortly  after.  A  tract  of  land  of  200  acres 
was  purchased  in  Harris  Township,  Center  County,  and  soon  after  200 
acres  more  were  added  by  donation.  At  first  the  State  gave  no  aid 
to  this  institution,  but  in  an  act  approved  May  20,  1857,  the  legislature 
appropriated  $50,000  to  it,  provided  that  private  funds  for  as  much 
more  should  be  secured.  This  condition  was  met,  and  the  funds  were 
used  to  begin  the  construction  of  buildings.  Students  were  received 
on  February  20,  1859,  and  the  first  class,  numbering  12  students,  was 
graduated  in  December,  1861. 

Throughout  the  early  period  it  was  a  farm  school  with  practical 
field  work  for  all  students.  Although  its  official  title  was  "  Farmers' 
High  School/'  yet  the  course  of  study  was  of  a  high  scientific  grade. 
Without  State  aid,  except  the  appropriation  for  buildings,  the  expense 
of  annual  maintenance  necessarily  came  from  the  friends  of  the  insti- 
tution and  from  student  fees ;  and  since  small  fees  and  student  labor 
for  support  were  fundamental  principles  of  the  school,  the  result  was 
a  constant  financial  struggle. 

In  1862  the  name  was  changed  to  "  Agricultural  College  of  Penn- 
sylvania," in  recognition  of  the  grade  and  character  of  the  work  done, 
but  soon  the  college  closed  its  doors  through  the  enlistment  of  its 


THE   LAND  GRANTS  AND  THE   LAND-GRANT  COLLEGES.  43 

entire  student  body  in  the  Pennsylvania  Volunteers.  In  1864  it 
again  began  work. 

Meanwhile  Congress  passed  the  act  of  1862  in  aid  of  colleges  of 
agriculture  and  mechanic  arts,  and  Pennsylvania  came  into  its  share 
of  the  land  grant,  780,000  acres  in  scrip,  through  its  acceptance  by 
the  legislature  on  April  1,  1863.  The  usual  rivalry  among  the  col- 
leges of  the  State  for  the  endowment  fund  began,  but  the  friends  of 
the  Agricultural  College  of  Pennsylvania  prevailed,  and  the  institution 
was  endowed  with  the  grant  by  act  of  the  legislature  approved  Feb- 
ruary 19,  1867.  Unfortunately  the  grant  did  not  impart  the  life  that 
was  expected,  and  the  college  continued  to  struggle  along  hampered 
by  debt  and  torn  by  the  conflicting  theories  regarding  the  new  form  of 
education.  Up  to  1879  the  manual  labor  system  was  universally  in 
practice,  but  when  in  1870  a  course  in  arts  and  science  was  intro- 
duced, manual  labor  seemed  inappropriate.  For  nine  years  this 
question  was  under  discussion  and  continued  until  1879,  when  manual 
labor  was  required  only  to  the  extent  necessary  for  its  educational 
value.  About  this  time  the  problem  of  industrial  education  was 
solved  on  its  present  basis.  As  a  fitting  climax  the  State  now  came 
forward  with  appropriations  to  clear  the  institution  of  debt.  From 
this  point  its  progress  has  been  steady. 

In  the  act  accepting  the  grant  of  780,000  acres  in  scrip,  the  sur- 
veyor general  of  the  State  was  instructed  to  obtain  the  scrip,  to  sell 
it,  and  to  invest  the  proceeds.  The  governor,  auditor  general,  and 
the  surveyor  general  were  appointed  a  committee  to  prescribe  rules 
and  regulations  for  its  management. 

The  surveyor  general  realized  $439,186.80  from  its  sale.  About  10 
per  cent,  $43,886.50,  was  used  to  purchase  experimental  farms  for  the 
college  and  the  balance  was  invested  in  United  States  and  Pennsyl- 
vania State  bonds  bought  at  a  premium  and  giving  $381,500  face 
value  of  investment.  The  assembly  on  April  3,  1872,  ordered  these 
bonds  sold  and  a  50-year  State  bond  for  $500,000  at  6  per  cent 
interest  issued  to  the  college  to  represent  the  land-grant  endowment 
fund.  Pennsylvania  State  College  receives  $30,000  a  year  income 
from  this  source. 

On  May  13,  1887,  the  assembly  authorized  the  college  to  sell  part 
of  the  farm  which  had  been  purchased  out  of  the  land-grant  fund. 
The  proceeds  from  this  sale,  $17,000,  were  turned  over  to  the  State 
treasurer  and  invested  in  6  per  cent  State  bonds.  The  college  re- 
ceives the  interest  on  these  bonds. 

Rhode  Island. — The  act  of  Congress  of  1862  gave  Rhode  Island 
120,000  acres  in  scrip,  which  were  accepted  by  the  State  legislature 
in  January,  1863.  The  governor  was  instructed  to  receive  the  scrip 
and  to  hold  it  subject  to  the  further  orders  of  the  assembly;  it  was 
also  ordered  that  Brown  University  be  the  beneficiary  of  the  grant 


44  THE    LAND   GRANTS  AND   THE   LAND-GRANT   COLLEGES. 

upon  the  conditions  that  it  maintain  a  scientific  department  and 
allow  free  tuition  to  a  certain  number  of  students  nominated  by  the 
legislature. 

The  scrip  was  turned  over  to  Brown  University  and  by  it  sold  for 
$50,000,  payable  in  annual  installments  from  August  30,  1866,  to 
August  31,  1870,  when  the  full  amount  had  been  received  and  in- 
vested as  follows: 

Rhode  Island  6  per  cent  State  bonds $49,  498.  95 

Cash  deposited  in  Rhode  Island  Hospital  Trust  Co.  at  7  per  cent  interest. .          501.  05 


Total 50,000.00 

In  1887,  as  an  outcome  of  the  Hatch  Experiment  Station  Act,  the 
assembly  appointed  a  committee  to  consider  the  advisability  of 
establishing  a  State  college  rather  than  to  extend  further  aid  to  Brown 
University.  In  accord  with  the  report  of  this  committee  on  March 
23,  1888,  the  State  agricultural  school  was  established  at  Kingston. 
On  May  19,  1892,  its  title  was  changed  to  (k  Rhode  Island  College  of 
Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts"  and  its  internal  organization  care- 
fully reorganized. 

The  college  was  to  receive  the  original  Federal  endowment  under 
the  act  of  1862,  but  Brown  University  objected  to  relinquishing  it 
and  carried  the  case  to  the  courts.  At  the  first  trial  the  decision 
favored  the  State,  but  Brown  took  an  appeal  and  it  began  to  look  as 
if  a  long  contest  were  ahead  when  the  assembly  in  April,  1 904,  passed 
a  compromise  act  giving  Brown  University  $40,000  cash  in  return 
for  the  surrender  of  all  claims  on  any  of  the  agricultural  college 
grants.  Brown,  no  doubt  influenced  by  the  Yale  case  in  Connecticut, 
accepted  this  compromise,  thus  allowing  the  college  of  agriculture  to 
receive  the  grant  without  further  contest. 

By  act  of  May  4,  1909,  the  name  of  the  college  was  changed  to 
"Rhode  Island  State  College." 

On  December  31,  1914,  the  $50,000  comprising  the  capital  of  the 
fund  was  on  deposit  with  the  Industrial  Trust  Co.  in  two  accounts, 
the  joint  interest  being  about  4  per  cent,  actually  $2,035.68.  The 
assembly  makes  up  the  deficit  by  a  regular  annual  appropriation,  so 
that  the  college  receives  a  full  5  per  cent  income,  $2,500. 

South  Carolina.— Under  the  Federal  act  of  1862  South  Carolina 
became  entitled  to  180,000  acres  in  scrip,  but  owing  to  the  Civil  War 
it  was  not  until  1868  that  the  new  State  constitution,  among  other 
provisions  regarding  education,  directed  that  the  grant  be  accepted 
and  an  agricultural  college  organized.  The  first  legislative  assembly 
thereafter  formally  accepted  the  conditions  of  the  grant  and  ordered 
that  the  scrip  be  sold  and  the  proceeds  invested  in  United  States  or 
South  Carolina  bonds. 


THE    LAND   GRANTS   AND   THE    LAND-GRANT    COLLEGES.  45 

As  far  as  can  be  traced,  the  scrip  for  180,000  acres  was  sent  to  the 
State  fiscal  agent  in  New  York,  H.  H.  Kimpton,  who  reported  that 
it  was  sold  for  72  \  cents  per  acre  and  that  the  $130,500  was  invested 
in  $191,800  worth  of  South  Carolina  State  6  per  cent  bonds.  Later 
he  reported  that  these  bonds  had  been  hypothecated  as  security  for 
the  State  debt  held  in  New  York.  This  seems  to  be  the  end  of  both 
scrip  and  bonds. 

The  legislature  made  an  appropriation  to  pay  one  year's  interest, 
but  only  $6,836  was  received  by  the  college. 

For  10  years  nothing  more  was  heard  of  the  fund  until  in  1879  the 
State  legislature,  evidently  recognizing  that  it  was  lost,  passed,  an 
act  directing  the  State  treasurer  to  issue  a  perpetual  State  bond  for 
$191,800  at  6  per  cent  in  favor  of  the  University  of  South  Carolina. 
This  bond  is  still  extant  and  represents  the  1862  land-grant  fund. 

At  the  time  of  accepting  the  grant  the  State  legislature  was  com- 
posed of  an  overwhelming  preponderance  of  negroes.  It  was  there- 
fore no  surprise  that  in  1872,  when  providing  for  a  college  to  receive 
the  benefit  of  the  grant,  the  legislature  established  the  college  as  a 
part  of  Claflin  University.  While  this  institution  made  no  restric- 
tions as  to  the  color  of  its  students,  the  admission  of  negroes  had  the 
effect  of  preventing  the  white  students  from  attending.  Although 
this  institution  was  nominally  endowed  with  the  land-grant  fund, 
the  fund  had  already  passed  through  the  manipulation  resulting  in 
its  total  disappearance,  and  no  actual  benefit  was  derived  therefrom. 

The  act  of  1879  restoring  and  re-creating  the  agricultural  college 
endowment  fund  also  provided  that  the  defunct  South  Carolina  Col- 
lege should  reopen  as  an  agricultural  and  mechanical  college  for 
whites  and  should  receive  one-half  of  the  interest  from  the  land-grant 
fund.  Accordingly,  the  college  reopened  in  1880  under  the  title 
11  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  of  South  Carolina."  For  two 
years  it  continued  its  independent  course  until,  in  1882,  it  was  merged 
into  the  revived  South  Carolina  College,  which  was  itself  a  part  of 
the  University  of  South  Carolina.  The  Claflin  agricultural  college 
combination  was  also  made  a  part  of  the  university  and  continued 
to  receive  one-half  of  the  yearly  interest. 

In  November,  1889,  the  State  legislature  accepted  the  trust  left 
by  Thomas  G.  Clemson  and  established  an  agricultural  and  mechan- 
ical college  on  his  Fort  Hill  plantation.  This  institution,  called 
"Clemson  College,"  in  honor  of  the  donor  of  its  principal  endowment, 
was  opened  for  students  in  July,  1893.  In  the  act  creating  it  the 
legislature  endowed  it  with  the  privilege  tax  on  fertilizers  and  trans- 
ferred to  it  the  half  interest  in  the  1862  land-grant  fund  previously 
received  by  the  University  of  South  Carolina.  Clemson  College  now 
receives  all  the  grants  to  South  Carolina  in  aid  of  colleges  of  agricul- 


46  THE    LAND   GKANTS   AND   THE    LAND-GRANT    COLLEGES. 

ture  and  mechanic  arts  except  the  portion  provided  for  the  colored 
college. 

In  1896  the  legislature  divorced  Claflin  University  and  the  colored 
agricultural  and  mechanical  college  and  created  a  new  State  insti- 
tution called  "The  Colored  Normal,  Industrial,  and  Agricultural 
College  of  South  Carolina."  This  school  divides  the  interest  of  the 
1862  land-grant  fund  with  Clemson  College.  Each  receives  a  yearly 
income  of  $5,754  from  the  fund. 

South  Dakota. — The  founding  of  the  agricultural  college  in  South 
Dakota  does  not  seem  to  have  been  dependent  on  any  particular 
Federal  grant  in  aid.  It  was  in  1881  that  the  Territorial  legislature 
made  the  first  move,  which  was  continued  in  1883  by  an  act  author- 
izing a  bond  issue  of  $25,000  to  build  and  equip  the  college  buildings 
on  the  property  belonging  to  the  Territory  at  Brookings. 

Another  bond  issue  in  1885  provided  land  for  the  experimental 
farm,  additional  buildings,  and  equipment.  The  institution  was 
opened  for  students  September  24,  1884,  so  that  upon  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  State  in  1889  the  college  was  in  full  operation. 

On  February  22,  1889,  Congress  passed  the  State  enabling  act  for 
Montana,  Washington,  North  Dakota,  and  South  Dakota.  This  was 
accepted  by  South  Dakota  and  a  State  constitution  adopted  October 
1,  1889.  The  enabling  act  gave  South  Dakota  120,000  acres  for  the 
agricultural  college  in  lieu  of  the  1862  grant  and  an  additional  grant 
of  40,000  acres  restricted  only  by  the  requirement  that  it  should  be 
used  for  an  agricultural  college. 

All  lands  are  controlled  by  a  State  land  board,  which  locates  and 
handles  them  in  the  usual  way,  by  lease  and  sale.  Proceeds  are 
turned  over  to  the  State  treasurer,  who  maintains  two  funds.  One, 
the  permanent  agricultural  college  fund,  is  composed  of  receipts  from 
sales  of  land  and  is  a  permanent  endowment  fund;  the  other,  the 
local  and  endowment  agricultural  college  fund,  is  composed  of  inter- 
est on  invested  funds  (permanent  agricultural  college  fund),  interest 
on  unpaid  contracts  of  sale,  rentals  of  lands,  and  collections  from  the 
college,  and  is  used  for  general  maintenance. 

For  the  year  ending  June  30,  1914,  the  land-grant  fund  was 
reported  as  follows: 

Lands  reported  by  the  commissioner  of  public  lands. 

Total  acres  in  both  grants 160,  000.  00 

Acres  patented 160,  000.  20 

Acres  sold 16,  039.  62 

Acres  leased 61,  604. 19 

Capital  account. 

Total  price  of  all  lands  sold $317,  296.  03 

Capital  of  endowment  fund 128,  804.  87 

Amount  outstanding  on  deferred  payments 188,  872.  83 


THE    LAND   GRANTS   AND   THE    LAND-GRANT   COLLEGES.  47 

All  the  capital  is  invested  in  5  per  cent  loans ;  the  deferred  payments 
bear  6  per  cent  interest.  Leases  are  subject  to  a  reappraisal  every 
five  years,  with  a  consequent  change  in  rent. 

Income  account,  report  of  State  treasurer. 

Received  from  leases  of  land $16, 071.  23 

Received  from  interest  on  permanent  fund 5, 242.  70 

Received  from  interest  on  deferred  payments 10,  964.  57 


Total  income  for  the  college 32,  278.  50 

The  South  Dakota  State  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts 
is  under  the  management  of  a  State  board  of  five  members,  called 
the  "regents  of  education,"  which  board  controls  all  the  higher  edu- 
cational institutions  of  the  State. 

Tennessee. — September  10,  1794,  Blount  College  received  a  charter 
from  the  Territorial  legislature  of  the  territory  south  of  the  Ohio 
River  and  was  established  at  Knoxville. 

On  April  18,  1806,  Congress  authorized  the  establishment  of  two 
colleges  in  Tennessee  and  endowed  each  with  a  grant  of  50,000  acres 
of  public  lands.  The  legislature  thereupon,  on  October  26,  1807, 
incorporated  the  East  Tennessee  College  as  one  of  the  two  authorized 
institutions,  placed  its  location  2  miles  from  Knoxville,  and  provided 
that  it  should  absorb  Blount  College. 

East  Tennessee  College,  like  all  the  early  colleges,  had  a  hard 
struggle  for  existence.  In  1840  the  legislature  changed  its  name  to 
East  Tennessee  University.  In  1860-61  the  institution  had  the  most 
profitable  year  of  its  history  up  to  that  time,  and  its  affairs  seemed 
to  be  finally  in  prosperous  condition;  a  medical  department  had  been 
opened,  and  the  number  of  students  in  all  departments  was  increas- 
ing. But  the  war  ended  all  this.  First  the  Confederate  and  then 
the  National  troops  used  the  buildings  for  hospital  and  barracks,  so 
that  only  the  medical  school  continued  any  sort  of  exercises. 

In  the  reorganization  after  the  war  little  was  left  but  the  bare 
grounds  and  buildings.  However,  the  institution  was  reopened  in 
1866  with  about  75  students,  continuing  its  progress  without  a  break 
to  the  present  time.  In  1869  it  received  the  national  land-grant  en- 
dowment of  300,000  acres  in  scrip,  at  the  same  time  organizing  an 
agricultural  college  as  an  integral  part  of  the  university.  This  col- 
lege was  later  expanded  into  the  Tennessee  Industrial  College.  On 
March  10,  1879,  the  legislature  changed  the  name  East  Tennessee 
University  to  University  of  Tennessee.  It  is  the  State  agricultural 
college  and  receives  all  the  Federal  aid  to  the  State  for  agricultural 
college  purposes  except  that  for  negro  institutions. 

On  February  1,  1868,  the  State  legislature  accepted  the  act  granting 
300,000  acres  in  scrip  to  the  State,  and  on  January  16,  1869,  desig- 


48  THE   LAND   GRANTS  AND    THE   LAND-GRANT   COLLEGES. 

nated  the  East  Tennessee  University  as  the  beneficiary.  As  the  time 
for  accepting  the  grant  had  expired  before  the  State  could  take  action, 
a  joint  resolution  of  Congress,  February  28,  1867,  was  necessary  to 
legalize  the  action. 

The  scrip  was  sold  to  G.  F.  Lewis  for  the  high  price,  as  the  market 
was  then,  of  90f  cents  per  acre,  and  brought  $271,875.  The  Man- 
hattan Bank  of  New  York  was  made  State  fiscal  agent,  and,  on  order 
of  the  State  legislature,  invested  the  proceeds  as  fast  as  received  in 
Tennessee  State  bonds  at  6  per  cent.  Ultimately  there  were  $396,000 
worth  of  bonds  purchased  and  turned  over  to  the  university. 

In  these  transactions  expenses  amounting  to  $3,308.55  were 
charged  against  the  capital  of  the  fund,  while  an  unexpended  balance 
of  $466.40  was  transferred  to  general  State  funds,  making  a  total  of 
$3,774.95  used  from  the  principal  of  the  land-grant  fund;  the 
State  also  failed  to  pay  the  interest  on  the  bonds  in  some  years  and 
in  others  paid  it  in  warrants  which  had  to  be  cashed  at  considerable 
discount,  so  that,  in  this  way,  the  university  lost  about  $12,000  from 
its  income  fund. 

In  1881  the  legislature  made  an  appropriation  of  $3,774.95  to 
replace  the  amount  taken  from  the  capital  of  the  fund  and  appointed 
a  committee  to  investigate  the  losses  of  income.  This  committee  has 
never  reported,  and  no  adjustment  has  been  made. 

The  fund  now  consists  of  the  original  amount,  $396,000,  invested 
in  State  certificates  of  indebtedness  at  6  per  cent  and  $4,000  (the 
$3,775  appropriated  by  the  legislature  plus  $225  added  by  the  uni- 
versity) invested  in  certificates  of  indebtedness  at  5  per  cent,  making 
a  total  of  $400,000  and  giving  an  annual  income  of  $23,960  to  the 
University  of  Tennessee. 

Texas. — Although  in  1862  there  were  millions  of  acres  of  unoccupied 
land  in  Texas,  yet,  because  of  its  unique  position  as  an  independent 
and  sovereign  nation  at  the  time  it  was  admitted  to  the  Union,  there 
were  no  public  lands  in  the  State  belonging  to  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment; therefore  the  grant  of  180,000  acres  under  the  agricultural 
college  act  of  1862  came  in  the  form  of  scrip. 

The  State  legislature  accepted  the  grant  November  1,  1866,  and  on 
April  17,  1871,  established  the  agricultural  and  mechanical  college, 
making  it  the  duty  of  the  governor  to  appoint  three  commissioners 
to  determine  its  location.  This  commission  selected  a  site  in  Brazos 
County,  which  became  known  as  "College  Station,"  and  on  October 
4,  1876,  the  college  was  opened  to  students. 

The  180,000  acres  in  scrip  were  soon  sold  for  $174,000,  which  was 
invested  in  7  per  cent  gold  frontier  defense  bonds  of  the  State. 

During  the  nine  years  between  the  sale  of  the  scrip  and  the  opening 
of  the  college  the  accumulated  interest  amounted  to  $35,000  which 
was  added  to  the  principal,  making  a  total  fund  of  $209,000. 


THE   LAND  GRANTS  AND  THE   LAND-GRANT   COLLEGES.  49 

On  March  1,  1910,  the  $174,000  bond  issue  was  refunded;  $170,000 
was  placed  in  3  per  cent  bonds  and  $4,000  was  spent  for  running 
expenses  of  the  college.  On  July  1,  1906,  the  $35,000  bond  issue  was 
also  refunded  in  3  per  cents. 

The  legislature  of  1915  made  an  appropriation  of  $4,000  to  replace 
the  money  improperly  spent  in  1910  and  another  of  $24,358.33  to 
adjust  the  deficit  in  the  rate  of  interest,  and  directed  that  the  land- 
scrip  fund,  amounting  to  $209,000,  be  invested  at  5  per  cent  interest; 
the  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  of  Texas  receives  the  annual 
income  from  the  State  treasurer. 

The  constitution  of  1876  made  the  college  a  branch  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Texas,  but  as  no  change  was  made  in  the  board  of  directors 
the  institution  continues  to  manage  its  affairs  independently. 

Utah. — The  agricultural  college  of  Utah  was  founded  March  8, 
1888,  when  the  legislative  assembly  accepted  the  terms  of  the  1862 
land-grant  act.  Utah  received  200,000  acres  of  land  for  the  agri- 
cultural college. 

The  State  assembly  appropriated  $25,000  for  buildings  and  the 
county  of  Cache  and  city  of  Logan  gave  100  acres  of  land  as  a  site. 
The  first  students  were  admitted  in  September,  1890. 

The  college  is  under  the  control  of  a  board  of  trustees  of  13  mem- 
bers, comprising  the  secretary  of  state  ex  ofncio  and  12  members 
appointed  by  the  governor.  In  1913  the  "  Branch  of  the  Agricultural 
College"  located  at  Cedar  City  was  placed  under  the  control  of  the 
agricultural  college  board.  The  college  also  administers  several 
State  service  bureaus. 

The  grant  of  200,000  acres  is  in  charge  of  a  State  board  of  land 
commissioners,  which  locates  the  lands  and  handles  them  in  the 
usual  way  of  rental  and  sale.  A  minimum  price  of  $2.50  per  acre 
has  been  fixed  by  law. 

The  report  of  the  secretary  of  the  land  board  for  the  period  ended 
November  30,  1914,  gives  the  following  condition  of  the  grant: 

Lands. 

Acres. 

Agricultural  college  grant 200,  000 

Selected  and  confirmed  l 195,  663. 65 

Sold  2 181,  484. 19 

Capital  of  the  college  fund, 

Total  sale  prico  of  all  lands  sold  to  date $334, 033. 06 

Amount  paid  in  of  the  selling  price 194, 136.  74 

Amount  invested 189,  656.  68 

The  investments  are  in  loans  on  approved  farm  property  at  6  per 
cent  and  State  and  municipal  bonds  and  warrants  at  4  J  to  6  per  cent. 

i  Acres  selected  but  not  confirmed,  3,829.70.  2  Number  of  acres  under  lease  not  given. 


50  THE    LAND  GRANTS  AND   THE   LAND-GRANT  COLLEGES. 

Income  for  the  year  ended  Nov.  30,  1914. 

Interest  on  invested  funds $8,  605. 60 

Interest  on  unpaid  purchase  money 2,  853. 47 

Rentals  on  leased  lands 1,  296. 83 

Total 12,  755.  90 

Vermont. — The  Legislature  of  Vermont,  on  November  2,  1791, 
passed  an  act  incorporating  a  university  at  Burlington,  which  was 
called  the  University  of  Vermont.  College  work  was  begun  in  1801, 
having  been  preceded  for  one  year  by  preparatory  work  conducted 
by  the  president  in  his  residence  while  the  college  building  was  being 
erected. 

Under  the  land-grant  act  of  1862  Vermont  was  entitled  to  150,000 
acres  in  scrip,  which  it  received  by  the  acceptance  of  the  legislature 
on  October  29,  1862.  A  commission  of  two,  Homer  E.  Koyce  and 
John  B.  Page,  was  appointed  to  investigate  ways  and  means  of  dis- 
posing of  the  scrip.  Following  the  report  of  this  commission,  the 
scrip,  calling  for  149,920  actual  acres,  was  put  on  the  market  and  sold 
for  $122,626.40.  In  December,  1866,  when  the  money  was  invested, 
it  had  accumulated  considerable  bank  interest,  so  that  a  total  invest- 
ment of  $135,500  in  6  per  cent  State  bonds  resulted.  These  bonds 
have  been  renewed  from  time  to  time  as  they  came  due  and  will  fall 
due  again  on  June  1,  1932.  They  bear  interest  at  6  per  cent  and  are 
retained  by  the  State  treasurer,  who  pays  the  interest  to  the  uni- 
versity. 

About  the  same  time  that  the  scrip  was  sold  the  legislature  chartered 
an  agricultural  college  to  receive  the  benefit  of  the  fund  and  authorized 
its  trustees  to  locate  a  site.  Among  the  trustees  was  the  Hon.  Justin 
S.  Morrill,  the  author  of  the  act  under  which  the  fund  was  obtained. 
It  is  a  commentary  on  the  strangeness  of  affairs  that  for  one  year  this 
board  combed  the  State  for  a  site,  and  not  one  locality  offered  suffi- 
cient inducement  to  warrant  the  locating  of  the  college.  Finally  the 
author  of  the  act  which  caused  the  founding  of  agricultural  colleges 
in  so  many  other  States  had  to  confess  a  total  failure  in  his  own  State. 
On  November  9,  1865,  the  attempt  to  found  a  separate  agricultural 
college  was  abandoned.  The  legislature  combined  the  University  of 
Vermont  and  the  unlocated  agricultural  college  under  the  joint  title, 
"The  University  of  Vermont  and  State  Agricultural  College,"  and 
located  it  on  the  property  of  the  university  at  Burlington.  Middle- 
bury  College  and  Norwich  University  were  authorized  to  become  parts 
of  the  university,  but  declined. 

Virginia. — On  January  27,  1870,  Congress  passed  the  act  reestab- 
lishing the  State  of  Virginia.  The  new  State  constitution  adopted  in 
1869  went  into  effect  and  the  reconstructed  legislature  was  called  for 
its  first  meeting  on  February  10,  1870.  At  this  meeting  the  land- 
grant  act  was  accepted,  securing  to  the  State  300,000  acres  in  scrip. 


THE    LAND   GRANTS   AND   THE    LAND-GRANT  COLLEGES.  51 

This  scrip  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  board  of  education,  com- 
posed of  the  governor,  the  attorney  general,  and  the  superintendent 
of  public  instruction,  and  was  sold  on  May  1,  1872,  for  $285,000. 

On  March  19,  1872,  the  legislature  after  a  long  struggle,  authorized 
the  division  of  the  fund,  one-third  to  Hampton  Institute  and  two- 
thirds  to  a  new  institution  to  be  called  the  Virginia  Agricultural  and 
Mechanical  College.  This  act  also  authorized  the  expenditure  of  10 
per  cent  of  the  capital  for  the  purchase  of  land. 

Of  the  $95,000,  Hampton's  share,  $9,500,  was  used  to  buy  72 
acres  of  additional  land,  and  the  remainder  was  invested  in  6  per 
cent  State  bonds  at  a  discount,  serving  to  buy  $172,156  worth  of 
bonds. 

A  similar  disposition  was  made  of  the  $190,000,  the  portion  given 
to  the  Virginia  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College;  and  bonds  to 
the  amount  of  $344,312  face  value  became  its  endowment.  All  the 
bonds  are  held  by  the  State  board  of  education,  the  interest  going 
regularly  to  the  institutions. 

The  act  of  March  19,  1872,  which  organized  the  agricultural  and 
mechanical  college  for  whites  and  disposed  of  the  scrip,  also  author- 
ized the  taking  over  of  Preston  and  Olin  Institute  at  Blacksburg  as 
a  site  for  the  new  college. 

In  1896  the  legislature  added  the  words  "and  Polytechnic  Insti- 
tute" to  the  title  of  the  college. 

Hampton  Normal  and  Agricultural  Institute,  the  Negro  college, 
was  established  in  June,  1867,  on  a  farm  known  as  "Little  Scotland, " 
lying  on  Hampton  Eiver,  a  small  navigable  arm  of  Hampton  Roads. 
Students  were  first  admitted  in  April,  1868.  On  June  4,  1870,  it 
was  chartered  as  a  semiprivate  educational  institution.  The  school 
now  is  one  of  the  two  largest  and  best-known  schools  for  Negroes 
in  the  world.  Its  plan  is  based  on  labor  as  a  means  of  education. 
From  the  humble  beginning  of  1868  it  has  progressed  so  that  for 
1915  its  report  shows  total  annual  expenditures  of  over  $585,000, 
with  an  investment  of  over  $4,000,000  in  lands,  buildings,  and 
equipment.  It  still  receives  the  income  of  $10,329.36  per  year  from 
the  1862  land-grant  fund. 

Washington. — Washington,  in  its  State  enabling  act  of  February 
22,  1889,  received  90,000  acres  of  land  as  an  endowment  for  an  agri- 
cultural college. 

The  first  legislative  assembly,  on  March  28,  1890,  organized  the 
college  under  the  title  of  "The  Agricultural  College,  Experiment  Sta- 
tion, and  School  of  Science  of  the  State  of  Washington."  It  con- 
ferred on  the  new  college  all  the  Federal  grants  in  aid  of  agricultural 
colleges,  experiment  stations,  and  schools  of  science.  The  institution 
was  placed  under  the  management  of  a  board  of  regents  of  five  mem- 


52  THE    LAND  GRANTS  AND   THE   LAND-GRANT  COLLEGES. 

bers  appointed  by  the-governor  and  its  location  was  fixed  at  Pullman. 
In  1905  the  name  was  shortened  to  "The  State  College  of  Washing- 
ton." 

All  the  lands  granted  to  the  State  are  in  charge  of  a  State  land 
commissioner,  who  locates  and  handles  them  in  the  usual  way  of 
rental  and  sale.  Receipts  are  turned  over  to  the  State  treasurer, 
who  invests  the  capital  in  interest-bearing  securities  and  holds  the 
income  from  investments  and  rentals  to  be  appropriated  by  the 
legislature  for  the  support  of  the  college. 

On  October  1,  1914,  the  endowment  was  reported  as  follows: 

Lands. 

Acres  in  original  grant 90,  000. 00 

Acres  located  and  confirmed 89,  438.  21 

Acres  sold 23,  506.  32 

Capita  I. 

Total  selling  price  of  lands Not  reported. 

Amount  paid  in $247,  608. 36 

Amount  invested  in  securities 247,  325. 00 

Income  for  the  year  ended  June  30,  1914. 

Interest  on  invested  funds $12,  345.  67 

Interest  on  deferred  payments,  from  leases  and  from  privileges 6, 840.  68 

Bank  interest  on  daily  balances 240.  68 


Total 19,  426.  96 

West  Virginia. — This  State  was  created  and  admitted  to  the 
Union  on  June  20,  1863.  The  first  legislative  assembly,  by  an  act 
approved  October  3,  1863,  accepted  the  grant  of  150,000  acres  in 
scrip,  but  because  of  the  unsettled  condition  of  the  country,  the  State 
did  not  receive  it  until  Congress,  by  a  special  act  dated  April  14, 
1864,  extended  the  provisions  of  the  land-grant  act  to  the  State. 

Shortly  after  the  scrip  was  received  it  was  sold  for  $90,000  and  the 
money  invested  in  $90,000  worth  of  United  States  "currency  sixes." 

On  January  9,  1866,  the  trustees  of  Monongalia  Academy,  at  Mor- 
gantown,  tendered  to  the  State  all  their  property  for  the  foundation 
of  the  new  agricultural  college.  On  January  30,  1867,  the  legislature 
accepted  the  gift  and  on  February  7,  1867,  passed  an  act  reaffirming 
this  acceptance  and  establishing  the  Agricultural  College  of  West 
Virginia,  at  Morgantown.  To  its  trustees  were  turned  over  the  $90,- 
000  in  6  per  cent  bonds  forming  the  land-grant  fund.  The  property 
donated  by  Monongalia  Academy,  together  with  gifts  from  the 
citizens  of  Morgantown — lands,  buildings,  cash,  bonds,  bank  stock, 
books,  and  personal  property — was  worth  $50,390. 

June  25,  1868,  the  legislature  authorized  the  board  of  visitors  to 
sell  the  academy  proper  and  to  invest  the  proceeds  in  new  buildings 
on  the  main  grounds  at  Morgantown.  About  $15,000  was  so  used. 


THE    LAND  GRANTS  AND   THE   LAND-GRANT   COLLEGES.  53 

On  December  4,  1868,  the  legislature  changed  the  name  of  the  col- 
lege to  "West  Virginia  University"  and  the  board  of  visitors  to  a 
board  of  regents.  This  same  year  it  increased  the  land-grant  endow- 
ment by  a  gift  of  $10,000  and  again  in  1871  by  another  $10,000. 

Until  1909  the  control  of  the  institution  was  in  the  board  of  regents. 
By  an  act  approved  February  27,  1909,  the  management  of  all  the 
State  institutions  was  divided  between  two  State  boards.  The  finan- 
cial affairs  are  under  the  board  of  control,  of  three  members,  and  the 
academic  affairs  are  under  a  State  board  of  regents,  composed  of  the 
State  superintendent  of  schools  and  four  other  members. 

The  State  board  of  control  now  has  charge  of  the  funds  of  West 
Virginia  University,  including  the  land  endowment  fund.  No 
attempt  has  ever  been  made  to  segregate  the  endowment  received 
from  the  sale  of  scrip  from  that  received  from  legislative  appropria- 
tion, all  endowment  funds  being  kept  in  one  account. 

On  June  30,  1914,  the  endowment  fund  amounted  to  $116,500, 
invested  in  various  securities  bringing  from  5  to  6  per  cent  interest 
and  yielding  an  annual  income  of  $6,500  for  the  university. 

Wisconsin. — Although  the  first  movement  toward  the  establish- 
ment of  a  State  university  began  in  1836,  under  the  Territorial  gov- 
ernment, it  was  not  until  the  State  constitution  of  1848  made  pro- 
vision for  it  that  there  was  any  prospect  of  the  institution  being 
actually  opened.  The  first  State  legislature  passed  an  act  incorpo- 
rating the  university  and  appointing  a  board  of  regents,  July  26, 1848. 
During  the  first  year  thereafter  the  regents  held  several  meetings, 
at  which  the  opening  of  a  preparatory  department  was  discussed  and 
several  sites  for  the  university  were  considered.  Finally,  "College 
Hill,"  at  Madison,  was  selected  in  February,  1849,  where  the  prepar- 
atory department  was  opened  in  a  building  loaned  by  the  people  of 
Madison.  The  efforts  of  14  years  had  finally  borne  fruit.  On  August 
4,  1850,  college  classes  were  established.  The  first  college  building 
was  erected  in  1851. 

The  agricultural  college  land  grant  of  240,000  acres  was  accepted 
by  the  State  legislature  on  April  2,  1863. 

The  close  of  the  war  saw  a  renewal  of  the  university's  prosperity. 
Women  had  been  admitted  during  the  dark  days;  so  now  a  general 
reorganization  seemed  necessary.  An  act  approved  April  12,  1866, 
provided  that  the  university  should  receive  the  agricultural  college 
endowment  and  other  substantial  State  aids  in  addition  to  all  its 
former  grants  and  endowments ;  the  State  also  now  began  to  extend 
assistance  by  direct  appropriation  for  the  first  time  in  the  history  of 
the  university. 

The  agricultural  college  grant,  amounting  to  240,005.37  acres, 
was  placed  in  charge  of  a  commission  of  school  and  university  lands. 
A  minimum  price  of  $1.25  per  acre  was  obtained,  25  per  cent  cash 


54 


THE    LAND   GRANTS   AND    THE    LAND-GRANT    COLLEGES. 


and  the  balance  on  10  years'  time  at  7  per  cent  interest.  All  but  40 
acres  were  sold  up  to  1912.  The  money  received  from  sales  was 
turned  over  to  the  State  treasurer  and  invested  in  interest-bearing 
securities. 

The  following  tabulation  shows  how  the  high  rates  of  interest 
permitted  profitable  investment  at  first,  coming  to  a  maximum  in 
1883;  and  how,  since  that  time,  the  decreasing  interest  rates  have 
gradually  lowered  the  income  until  at  the  present  time  it  is  found 
impracticable  to  obtain  even  the  required  5  per  cent: 

Income,  from  the  land  fund. 


Year. 

Capital. 

Income. 

Acres 
of  unsold 
land. 

Year. 

Capital. 

Income. 

Acres 
of  unsold 
land. 

1866 

$8  061  85 

$144  93 

1892 

$290,954.00 

$16,961.95 

1870  
1875 

159.346.20 
236  133  90 

11,377.41 
16,148.41 

52,403  S3" 

1895  
1900 

16,871.85 
12,  428.  57 



1880 

267  330  86 

15  321  84 

24  358  87 

1906 

13  038  27 

1883... 
1888 

285,968.00 
1  228,  221.  00 

17,377,14 
14,609.70 

13,204.83 
1,253.21 

1910  
1914 

303,  558.  61 
303,  594.  61 

11,777.56 
12,  728.  14 

40.00 
120.00 

1  Invested  funds  only;  docs  not  include  uninvested  cash  on  hand. 

For  the  future  the  deficit  in  interest  below  the  required  5  per  cent 
has  been  adjusted  by  an  act  passed  by  the  State  legislature  and 
approved  August  7,  1913  (sec.  249,  ch.  758,  acts  of  1913),  which 
provided  as  follows : 

If  for  any  year  the  income  from  the  agricultural  college  fund  is  less  than  5  per  cent 
on  the  principal,  the  regents  of  the  university  are  authorized  and  required  to  trans- 
fer from  the  university  fund  income  to  the  agricultural  college  fund  income  an  amount 
necessary  to  meet  the  difference  between  the  interest  actually  received  and  the 
amount  which  would  have  been  yielded  had  the  income  been  at  the  rate  of  5  per 
cent. 

Wyoming. — By  an  act  of  March  4,  1886,  the  Territorial  legislature 
organized  the  University  of  Wyoming  and  provided  a  State  tax  for 
its  support.  The  university  was  to  be  located  in  or  near  the  city  of 
Laramie,  to  be  open  to  men  and  women  alike,  and  to  provide  for  a 
liberal  education  in  all  collegiate  branches  of  study.  There  were 
seven  trustees.  A  site  of  20  acres  was  procured,  later  increased  to 
54  acres,  partly  by  gift  and  partly  by  purchase  through  the  citizens 
of  Laramie  and  through  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad.  In  the  fall  of 
1887,  a  portion  of  the  first  building  having  been  completed,  the 
institution  was  opened  for  students.  Three  farms,  containing  1,080 
acres,  are  now  used  for  experimental  and  demonstration  work. 

When,  in  1889,  the  State  constitution  was  adopted  and  the  new 
State  was  entitled  to  90,000  acres  of  public  land  for  an  agricultural 
college  endowment,  this  grant,  together  with  all  its  conditions,  was 
conferred  on  the  university.  This  has  been  followed  by  all  ,grants  in 


THE   LAND  GRANTS  AND   THE    LAND-GRANT  COLLEGES.  55 

aid  of  agricultural  colleges,  experiment  stations,  extension  work, 
and  one-fourth  of  the  grant  for  charitable,  educational,  penal,  and 
reformatory  institutions. 

In  1890  a  bill  to  establish  a  separate  agricultural  college  was  passed 
by  the  legislature  and  was  followed  in  1892  by  a  State  referendum 
vote  placing  the  new  college  at  Lander,  Fremont  County.  As  the 
legislature  declined  to  pass  measures  for  the  change,  the  institution 
was  not  established.  Thus,  wisely ,  all  efforts  of  the  State  for  higher 
education  have  been  centered  in  one  institution. 

The  care  of  the  90,000-acre  gran tf  together  with  all  the  State  lands, 
is  in  the  hands  of  a  State  board  of  land  commissioners,  which  locates, 
sells,  and  rents  the  lands,  turning  over  the  proceeds  to  the  State 
treasurer  to  be  invested  or  held  for  the  use  of  the  university.  The 
latest  available  report  for  the  biennium  ended  September  30,  1914, 
shows  the  following  condition  of  the  grant : 

Lands. 

Total  number  of  acres  granted 90, 000.  00 

Acres  located  and  confirmed  to  the  State 89,  832.  36 

Acres  sold 6,  664.  35 

Acres  selected  and  reserved  for  sale 2, 120.  44 

Acres  leased 79, 305. 13 

Capital  of  the  fund. 

Invested  funds $28,425.00 

Cash  balance  uninvested,  held  in  the  agricultural  college  permanent  land 

fund  of  1903 20,415.34 

Cash  balance  uninvested,  held  in  the  agricultural  college  permanent  land 

fund  No.  2 : 24,515.50 


Total  of  permanent  fund 73,  355.  84 

Interest  and  income  for  the  biennium  1912-1914. 

Interest  on  invested  funds $3, 063.  05 

Interest  on  deferred  payments  on  purchases 950. 19 

Rentals 11,385.70 

Interest  on  bank  balances. . .  1, 043.  03 


Total  biennial  income  for  support 16,  441.  97 

Invested  funds . 

At  4i  per  cent $3,  500 

At  5  per  cent 4,  000 

At  5£  per  cent 4,  000 

At  6  per  cent 16,  925 

28, 425 


56  THE    LAND   GRANTS   AND   THE    LAND-GRANT  COLLEGES. 

GENERAL  DISCUSSION. 

Under  the  grant  of  July  2,  1862,  three  sharp  divisions  in  the  States 
appear: 

1.  States  receiving  scrip  under  the  original  act. 

2.  States  receiving  land  under  the  original  act. 

3.  New  States  receiving  land  under  their  State  enabling  acts  or 
other  acts  in  lieu  of  the  grants  under  the  original  act. 

In  general  it  has  been  very  difficult,  well-rnVh  impossible,  to  carry 
out  the  exact  letter  of  the  law.  A  study  of  the  detailed  histories 
shows  scarcely  one  State  that  has  not,  in  some  way,  at  some  time, 
been  in  default. 

The  principal  lines  of  default  have  been  a  delay  in  investing  the 
capital,  or  investment  at  less  than  5  per  cent,  causing  loss  of  income 
to  the  college;  use  of  capital  for  other  purposes  than  for  the  college; 
and  finally  the  use  of  income  for  purposes  not  authorized  by  law, 
such  as  for  the  administration  of  lands  or  expenses  of  investments. 
In  general  these  defaults  have  been  made  good  as  soon  as  proper  at- 
tention was  directed  to  them. 

Although  defaults  have  been  corrected,  in  the  main  immediately 
on  being  recognized,  yet  seldom  have  deiicits  been  refunded  or  made 
up.  Especially  in  the  matter  of  loss  of  interest  from  lack  of  invest- 
ment or  from  deficient  interest  return,  it  lias  been  usual  to  replace 
the  investment  so  as  to  obtain  the  required  5  per  cent  but  to  allow 
past  losses  to  remain  unsatisfied.  There  are,  however,  several  ex- 
ceptions to  this  practice;  the  last  and  most  prominent  is  the  State 
of  Texas,  the  legislature  of  which  in  1915  appropriated  $24,358.35 
to  adjust  losses  in  interest  due  to  past  investments  at  less  than  5  per 
cent.1 

In  the  method  of  obtaining  the  required  5  per  cent  on  the  invested 
funds  several  plans  have  been  adopted. 

(1)  In  a  large  number  of  the  States,  when  it  became  evident  that 
a  continuous  5  per  cent  investment  would  be  difficult  to  find,  the 
fund  was  turned  over  to  the  State  treasury  and  the  State  itself  as- 
sumed the  load  of  interest,  the  capital  being  considered  as  part  of  the 
irreducible  State  debt.     This  was  done  in  Connecticut,  Delaware, 
Georgia,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  Louisiana,  Maine,  Massachusetts,  New 
Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  New  York,  and  Pennsylvania. 

(2)  In  other  States  the  receipts  from  the  sale  of  lands  were  turned 
in  to  the  State  treasury  as  fast  as  received  and  added  either  to  the 
State  sinking  fund  or  to  general  State  funds,  no  attempt  at  outside 
investment  being  made.     In  such  cases  the  State  issues  certificates 
of  indebtedness  at  a  good  rate  of  interest.     Michigan,  Missouri,  and 
Ohio  handled  their  funds  in  this  way. 

i  Also  see  footnote  oil  Arkansas,  page  13 


THE   LAND  GRANTS  AND  THE   LAND-GRANT  COLLEGES.  57 

(3)  Other  States  have  invested  the  funds  at  the  best  rate  obtain- 
able in  the  open  market,  and  make  up  the  difference  between  the  rate 
obtained  and  the  required  5  per  cent  by  direct  legislative  appropria- 
tion.    Maryland  and  Khode  Island  handle  the  funds  in  this  way. 

(4)  In  Florida,  Minnesota,  and  Wisconsin  the  legislature  has  au- 
thorized the  governing  board  of  the  college  to  transfer  funds  from 
other  general  college  funds  in  order  to  make  up  the  deficit  in  interest. 

(5)  In  Illinois,  North  Carolina,  and  South  Carolina  the  fund  has 
been  lost  by  defalcation  or  dishonesty  and  has  been  restored  by  the 
legislature.     A  State  bond  for  the  amount  has  been  issued  in  each 
of  these  States. 

The  above  five  methods  cover  the  handling  of  the  funds  by  those 
States  receiving  it  under  the  original  grant  and  which  have  entirely 
disposed  of  the  lands  and  scrip.  An  entirely  different  method  has 
been  adopted  in  the  newer  States. 

Among  the  older  States  the  following  seem  to  be  in  default  at  the 
time  of  writing  this  article:  Colorado  was  derelict  in  the  investment 
of  the  capital  received  from  the  sale  of  lands;  the  State  legislature, 
in  attempting  to  make  the  funds  secure,  placed  so  many  conditions 
and  penalties  upon  the  State  officers  that  they  refused  to  move  and 
allowed  the  funds  to  lie  in  bank  at  2  or  2  J  per  cent  interest;  recently 
the  provisions  have  been  changed  and  the  funds  are  being  invested 
as  fast  as  possible.  Nebraska  has  its  capital  invested  in  securities 
only  part  of  which  bring  5  per  cent  interest,  the  balance  less  than  5 
per  cent;  action  by  the  State  legislature  to  remedy  this  or  make  up 
the  deficit  is  expected.  Nevada  for  a  number  of  years  failed  to 
segregate  this  fund  from  other  land-grant  funds,  investing  the  pro- 
ceeds from  the  sale  of  all  lands  together,  without  regard  to  the  special 
5  per  cent  investment  condition  attached  to  this  fund;  as  a  result 
there  is  a  deficit  of  about  1  per  cent  in  yearly  income  and  some  con- 
fusion regarding  the  exact  amount  of  the  capital. 

The  newer  States  received  invariably,  in  their  State  enabling  acts, 
grants  of  public  lands  for  many  different  purposes  and  running  into 
the  millions  of  acres.  The  care  of  these  lands  has  become  one  of  the 
principal  administrative  duties  of  the  State.  In  every  case  a  State 
land  board  has  been  created  which  locates  the  lands  under  the  differ- 
ent grants  and  arranges  for  their  use  either  by  sale  to  individuals  who 
will  develop  them,  or  by  rental  of  the  lands  or  of  the  privileges, 
such  as  grazing,  mining,  lumbering,  water  power,  etc.  Sales  of 
lands  are  usually  made  on  a  part  cash  basis,  the  State  collecting  a 
liberal  rate  of  interest  on  the  deferred  payments. 

The  amount  received  from  actual  sales  of  lands  of  the  agricultural 
college  grants  is  turned  over  to  the  State  treasurer  and  invested  either 
by  him  or  by  some  other  authorized  agency,  at  the  best  rate  obtain- 
able. In  the  past,  because  the  agricultural  college  grant  formed  only 


58  THE   LAND  GRANTS    AND  THE   LAND-GRANT  COLLEGES. 

a  small  portion  of  the  total  State  lands,  no  attention  was  paid  to 
the  special  conditions  affixed  to  it,  and  the  lands  and  investments 
were  treated  in  the  same  way  as  the  other  grants  of  land,  being 
required  to  bear  their  share  of  the  cost  of  management;  but  now  each 
State  is  making  an  effort  to  carry  out  the  special  conditions  and  to 
throw  its  5  per  cent  securities  into  the  agricultural  college  permanent 
fund,  so  that  there  is  little  default  in  investment. 

The  interest  from  invested  funds  is  lumped  in  with  income  from 
leases,  from  interest  on  deferred  payments  of  purchase  money,  and 
money  from  all  other  sources  to  form  an  income  fund  from  which  the 
agricultural  college  may  draw  annual  support.  In  some  States  this 
support  fund  is  immediately  available  for  the  use  of  the  college; 
in  others  the  legislature  appropriates  as  much  of  it  each  year  as  it 
thinks  advisable,  leaving  the  balance  on  hand. 

LANDS  AND  SCRIP. 

Twenty-eight  States  were  allotted  8,160,000  acres  of  land  in  scrip; 
20  received  2,890,000  acres  in  place,  giving  a  total  allotment  of 
11,050,000  acres  under  the  act  of  July  2,  1862,  or  supplementary  acts 
in  lieu  of  it.  Of  this  total,  considering  the  grants  to  the  newer 
States  as  already  located,  10,929,215  acres  actually  passed  to  the 
States,  the  reduction  of  120,785  acres  being  due  to  fractional  deduc- 
tions in  issue  of  scrip,  to  the  location  of  double  minimum  value 
lands,  and  to  the  failure  of  some  States  to  locate  the  full  allotment. 

In  1914  there  were  1,209,837  acres  unsold,  part  of  which  were 
leased;  and  51,850  acres  unlocated,  not  including  New  Mexico  with 
150,000  acres  and  Oklahoma  with  250,000  acres,  none  of  which  were 
located. 

CAPITAL    OF    THE    FUND. 

The  scrip  and  lands  have  been  sold  for  $12,643,309.43,  of  which 
$119,164.90  was  used  in  four  States  to  purchase  land.  The  remain- 
ing capital  has  increased  during  52  years  of  existence  (1862  to  1914) 
until  it  amounts  to  $13,621,712.07.  Of  this  amount  $2,205,489.08, 
in  10  States,  draws  interest  at  less  than  5  per  cent,  but  only  4 
States  l  fail  to  make  up  the  deficit  in  some  way. 

INCOME. 

Every  State  now  applies  all  the  income  for  the  support  of  the 
agricultural  and  mechanical  college;  there  is  no  diminution  or  diver- 
sion to  other  uses. 

The  total  income  under  the  1862  land-grant  endowment  act  from 
all  sources,  not  including  additions  to  principal,  for  the  year  1913-14 
was  $856,318.95,  of  which  $725,496.32  came  from  interest  on  in- 

i  In  1917  only  three  States. 


THE    LAND  GRANTS  AND   THE   LAND-GRANT  COLLEGES.  59 

vested  funds,  $71,258.05  from  interest  on  deferred  payments  of  land 
purchases,  $55,884.83  from  leased  lands,  from  privileges,  and  from 
miscellaneous  sources,  and  $4,877.76  from  direct  appropriations  to 
make  up  the  difference  in  interest  from  investments  at  less  than  5 

per  cent. 

COLLEGES. 

Of  the  colleges  benefiting  under  the  act,  Kentucky,  Mississippi, 
South  Carolina,  and  Virginia  divide  the  income  between  an  institu- 
tion for  whites  and  one  for  colored  students.  With  the  exception  of 
Massachusetts,  which  divides  the  fund  between  two  colleges,  each 
of  the  other  States  maintains  one  college  or  university  to  receive 
the  benefit  of  the  fund. 

Nineteen  States  have  created  and  maintain  independent  colleges 
of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts  while  also  maintaining  State 
universities;  in  each  of  21  States  the  college  of  agriculture  is  a  part 
of  the  State  university;  seven  States  do  not  have  State  universities. 

Massachusetts  has  a  State  agricultural  college  and  aids  a  private 
foundation — Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology — with  part  of 
the  fund;  it  has  no  State  university.  Ohio  has  three  universities 
aided  by  the  State,  but  has  officially  recognized  Ohio  State  Univer- 
sity, comprising  the  college  of  agriculture,  as  the  State  university. 
In  Georgia  the  agricultural  college  is  legally  a  part  of  the  State 
university,  but  actually  is  almost  autonomous.  In  Montana  the 
agricultural  college  has  a  separate  name  and  management,  but  is 
by  law  one  of  the  component  parts  of  the  State  university  composed 
of  all  the  State-supported  institutions  of  higher  learning. 

The  oldest  institution  is  Rutgers  College,  New  Jersey,  founded  as 
Queens  College  in  1766,  but  this  is  a  private  corporation.  The 
oldest  State  institution  is  the  University  of  Tennessee,  established 
as  Blount  College  in  1794  and  as  East  Tennessee  College  in  1807. 
The  oldest  independent  State  college  of  agriculture  and  mechanic 
arts  is  the  Michigan  Agricultural  College,  established  February  12 
1855,  and  opened  on  May  13,  1857. 


60  THE   LAND  GRANTS  AND  THE   LAND-GRANT  COLLEGES. 


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THE    LAND    GRANTS   AND    THE    LAND-GKANT    COLLEGES. 


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62  THE   LAND   GRANTS  AND   THE   LAND-GRANT   COLLEGES. 

The  land-grant  colleges. 


Names  of  institutions. 

Agri- 
cul- 
tural 
college 
sepa- 
rate 
from 
State 
uniA^er- 
sity. 

One 

State 
institu- 
tion. 

Date  of  or- 
ganization 
of  the 
institution. 

Date  of  open- 
ing of  the 

institution 
to  students. 

Date  of  re- 
ceipt of  1862 
land-grant 
fund. 

Alabama  Agricultural  and  Mechanical 
College  and  Polytechnic  Institute 

X 

Feb.  26,1872 

Mar.  20,1872 

Feb.  26,1872 

University  of  Arizona 

Univ 

University  of  Arkansas  

Univ. 

Mar.  27,1871 
Mar.  23,1868 
Feb.  11,1870 
Apr.     6,  1881 
Feb.     6.  1833 
1870 

Jan!    22'  1872 
Sept.  23,  1869 
Sept.    1,1879 
Sept.  28,  1881 
May  —,1834 
Oct.     1,  1884 
May     1,  1872 
Oct.     3,  1892 
Mar.    2,1868 
Sept.  16,  1874 

00       1859 
Feb.  16.1863 

Mar.  27,1871 
Mar.  23,1868 
Jan.   27,1879 
Apr    21,1893 
Mar.  14,1867 

University  of  California                

Univ 

Colorado  Agricultural  College 

X 

Col.i 

Connecticut  Agricultural  College  

Delaware  College       .                    .... 

Col 

University  of  Florida 

University  of  Georgia  1  

Univ 

Dec.   12'  1866 
Jan          1889 

Dec.  12^1866 

University  of  Idaho 

Univ 

University  of  Illinois  

Univ.. 

Feb.  28'  1867 
May     6,  1869 

Feb.  28'  1867 
May     6,  1869 

Sept.  11.  1862 
Feb.  16,1863 

Purdue  University,  Indiana  . 

X 

X 
X 

Iowa  State  College  of  Agriculture  and 
Mechanic  Arts 

Kansas  State  Agricultural  College8..  . 

Feb.  16^  1863 
1879 

University  of  Kentucky 

Univ 

Kentucky  Normal  and  Industrial  Insti- 
tute (colored) 

May  18,1886 

Apr.     7,  1874 
Feb.  25,1865 

Oct.    11,1887 

Nov.  16,1874 
Sept.  14,  1868 
Fall  of   1859 
Oct.   21,1865 
Oct.     2,  1867 
May   13,1857 
Nov.  26,  1851 

•      1880 

May  21,1897 

Apr.     7,  1874 
Feb.  25,1865 

Louisiana  State  University  and  Agricul- 
tural and  Mechanical  College  .  . 

Univ.. 

University  of  Maine 

Univ 

Col 

Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology 

(4) 

Apr.  I0'l861 
Apr.  29,1863 
Feb.  12,1855 
Feb.  19,1851 

Feb    28,1878 

May   13,1871 
Feb.  11,1839 

Feb.  16,1893 
Feb.   15,1869 
Mar.     7,  1873 

June    7,1866 
Nov.  10,1766 

Feb.  28,1889 
Apr.  27,1865 

1887 

Apr.  2?'  1863 
Apr.  29,1863 
Feb.  25,1863 
Feb.  18,1868 

Feb.  28,1878 

May   13,1871 
Feb.  24,1870 

Feb.    16,1893 
1873 

Massachusetts  Agricultural  College 

(<) 

X 
X 

Michigan  Agricultural  College  . 

"tiniv'.!!! 

University  of  Minnesota  
Mississippi  Agricultural  and  Mechanical 
College 

Alcorn  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Col- 
lege (colored)  . 

,1871 
Apr.  14,1841 

Sept.  15,  1893 
Sept.    7,1871 
Oct.    12,1874 

Sept.    4,1868 
-    ,1771 

Mar.  10,1890 
Oct.      7,1868 

Oct          1889 

University  of  Missouri 

Univ. 

Montana  State  College  of  /  griculture 
and  Mechanic  Arts.  .. 

X 

University  of  Nebraska 

Univ 

University  of  Nevada  

Univ.... 

Mar.     7,  1873 

June    7,  1866 
Mar.  21,1863 

Feb.  28,1889 
Apr.  27,1865 

1^87 

New  Hampshire  College  of  Agriculture 
and  Mechanic  Arts 

Col 

Rutgers  College.  New  Jersey  6. 

Col  

New  Mexico  College  of  Agriculture  and 
Mechanic  Arts  

X 

'Univ".!!'. 

Cornell  Ui  iversitv,  New  York  6 

North  Carolina  College  of  Agriculture 

X 
X 

North  Dakota  Agricultural  College 

Mar.   9,1890 
Mar.  22,1870 

Dec.  25,1890 
Feb.  11,1865 
Feb.  22,1855 
Mar.  23,1888 
Nov.  —  ,  1889 

1896 

Sept.    8,1891 
Sept.    7,1873 

Fall  of  1891 

1865 

Mar.     9,  1890 
Mar.  22,1870 

Dec.   25,1890 

1870 

Ohio  State  University  7 

Univ 

Oklahoma  Agricultural  and  Mechanical 
College 

X 
X 

Oregon  Agricultural  College  «  
Pennsylvania  State  College 

Col... 

Feb.  20,1859 
Sept.  23,  1890 
July   —,1893 

Feb.  19,1867 
May   19,1892 
Nov.  —  ,  1889 

Rhode  Island  State  College 

Col  .    .. 

Clemson  College,  South  Carolina  
Colored  Normal.  Agricultural  and  Indus- 
trial College  South  Carolina 

X 

South  Dakota'  State  College  of  Agricul- 

X 

'univ'.;;; 

•             1881 

Sept.  24,  1884 

Oct.      1,1889 
Feb.     1,1868 

University  of  Tennessee  

Sept.  10,  1794 

1  Georgia  State  College  of  Agriculture. 

2  School  opened  in  1859,  college  on  Mar.  17,  1869. 
3Bluemont  Central  College  opened  in  May,  1860. 

*  Massachusetts  maintains  one  State  agricultural  college  and  aids  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology, a  private  foundation.  Harvard  University,  also  a  private  corporation,  takes  the  place  of  a  State 
university. 

6  Rutgers  College  is  a  private  foundation  but  is  aided  by  the  State  and  is  the  official  State  college  of 
agriculture. 

e  While  Cornell  University  is  a  private  corporation,  the  State  aids  in  its  support  and  management;  it  is 
therefore  considered  as  New  York  State's  land-grant  university. 

7  Ohio  State  University  is  the  officially  recognized  State  university  and  includes  the  college  of  agricul- 
ture.    Ohio  also  has  created  two  other  State  institutions,  Miami  University  and  Ohio  University,  and 
aids  them  with  State  funds. 

8Corvallis  College,  opened  in  1865,  became  Oregon  Agricultural  College  in  1885. 


THE   LAND  GRANTS  AND   THE    LAND-GRANT   COLLEGES.  63 

The  land-grant  colleges — Continued. 


Agri- 

cul- 

tural 

college 

One 

Date  of  or- 

Date of  open- 

Date of  re- 

Name of  institution. 

sepa- 
rate 

State 
institu- 

ganization 
of  the 

ing  of  the 
institution 

ceipt  of  1862 
land-grant 

from 

tion. 

institution. 

to  students. 

fund. 

State 

univer- 

sity. 

Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  of 

Texas 

X 

Apr    17  1871 

Oct       4  1876 

Apr.  17,1871 

Agricultural  College  of  Utah  

x 

Mar.     8,  1888 

Sept.  —  ,  1890 

Mar.     8,  1888 

Univ 

Nov     2  1791 

1801 

Nov     9  1865 

Virginia  Agricultural  and   Mechanical 

College  and  Polytechnic  Institute  
Hampton    Normal    and    Agricultural 
Institute  (colored)  

X 

Mar.  19,1872 
June    4,  1870 

Fall  of  1872 
Apr.  —,1868 

Mar.  19,1872 
Mar.  19,1872 

State  College  of  Washington 

x 

Mar.  28,  1890 

Jan.    13  1892 

Mar.  28  1890 

Univ 

Fph       7  18fi7 

1868 

Feb      7  1867 

University  of  Wisconsin. 

Univ.. 

July   26.  1848 

Feb.  —  -'l849 

Apr.  12.  1866 



Univ 

Mar     4  1886 

Fall  of   1887 

o 


BULLETIN  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  EDUCATION, 

[Continued  from  page  2  of  cover.] 

No.  3<5.  The  township  and  community  high-school  movement  in  Illinois.    H.  A. 
Hollister. 

No.  36.  Demand  for  vocational  education  in  the  countries  at  war.    Anna  T.  Smith. 

No.  37.  The  conference  on  training  for  foreign  service.    Glen  L.  Swiggett. 

No.  38.  Vocational  teachers  for  secondary  schools.    0.  D.  Jarvis. 

No.  39.  Teaching  English  to  aliens.    Winthrop  Talbot. 

No.  40.  Monthly  record  of  current  educational  publications,  September,  1917. 

No.  41.  Library  books  for  high  schools.    Martha  Wilson. 

No.  42.  Monthly  record  of  current  educational  publications,  October,  1917. 

No.  43.  Educational  directory,  1917-18. 

No.  44;  Educational  conditions  in  Arizona, 

No.  45.  Summer  sessions  in  city  schools.    W.  S.  Deffenbaugh. 

No.  46.  The  public-school  system  of  San  Francisco,  Gal. 

No.  47.  The  preparation  and  the  preservation  of  vegetables.    Henrietta  W.  Calvin 
and  Carrie  A.  Lyford. 

No.  48.  Monthly  record  of  current  educational  publications,  November,  1917. 

No.  49.  Music  in  secondary  schools.    A  report  of  the  Commission  on  Secondary  Edu- 
cation.   Will  Earhart  and  Osbourne  McConathy. 

No.  50    Physical  education  in  secondary  schools.    A  report  of  the  Commission  on 
Secondary  Education. 

No.  51.  Moral  values  in  secondary  education.    A  report  of  the  Commission  on  Sec- 
endary  Education.    Henry  Neumann. 

No.  52.  Monthly  record  of  current  educational  publications,  December,  1917. 

No.  53.  The  conifers  of  the  northern  Rockies.    J.  E.  Kirkwood. 

No.  54.  Training  in  courtesy.    Margaret  S.McNaught. 

No.  55.  Statistics  of  State  universities  and  State  colleges,  1917. 

1918. 

No.    1.  Monthly  record  of  current  educational  publications,  January,  1918. 
No!    2.  The  publications  of  the  United  States  Government.    W.  I.  Swanton. 
No.    s!  Agricultural  instruction  in  the  high  schools  of  six  eastern  States.    C.  H.  Lane. 
No.    4.  Monthly  record  of  current  educational  publications,  February,  1918. 
No'.    5.  Work  of  the  Bureau  of  Education  for  the  natives  of  Alaska,  1916-17. 
No.    6.  The  curriculum  of  the  Woman's  college.    Mabel  L.  Robinson. 
No!    7.  The  bureau  of  extension  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina.    Louis  R.  Wil- 
son and  Lester  A.  Williams. 

No.    8.  Monthly  record  of  current  educational  publications,  March,  1918. 
No.    9.  Union  list  of  mathematical  periodicals.    David  E.  Smith. 
•No.  10.  Public-school  classes  for  crippled  children.    Edith  R.  Stlenberger. 
No.  11.  A  community  center— what  it  is  and  how  to.  organize  it.     Henry  E.  Jackson. 
No.  12.  Monthly  record  of  current  educational  publications,  April,  1918. 
No.  13.  The  land  grant  of  18G2  and  the  land-grant  colleges.     Benj.  F.  Andrews. 
No.  14.  Monthly  record  of  current  educational  publications,  May,  1918. 


